Volume 11, Number 3—March 2005
Research
Malaria Risk in Travelers
Table 4
Estimated number of travelers to malaria-endemic areas, respondents in the tourist database (controls), and reported patients with travel-associated malaria, 1997–2003*
| Age/sex/region† | Estimated no. of travelers | Controls | Reported cases | Risk per 100,000 | 95% CI | Multivariate odds ratio | 95% CI | Incidence/ 100,000 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 3,560,000 | 881 | 857 | 24 | 22–26 | – | – | 36,865 |
| <6 y | 70,000 | 18 | 38 | 54 | 31–95 | 4.8 | 1.5–14.8 | No data |
| 7–18 y | 300,000 | 74 | 91 | 30 | 22–41 | 2.7 | 1.1–6.0 | No data |
| 19–45 y | 1,630,000 | 404 | 506 | 31 | 27–35 | 4.1 | 1.9–9.0 | No data |
| 46–65 y | 1,340,000 | 331 | 205 | 15 | 13–18 | 2.0 | 0.9–4.3 | No data |
| >65 y |
220,000 |
54 |
17 |
7.7 |
4–13 |
1.0 |
Reference |
No data |
| Men | 1,790,000 | 444 | 536 | 30 | 26–34 | 1.7 | 1.3–2.3 | No data |
| Women |
1,770,000 |
437 |
321 |
18 |
16-21 |
1.0 |
Reference |
No data |
| Arab countries and Iran‡ | 220,000 | 44 | 4 | 1.8 | 0.7–5.1 | 1.7 | 0.5–6.4 | 1,279 |
| Indian subcontinent | 120,000 | 31 | 74 | 62 | 41–94 | 57.4 | 23–141 | 366 |
| East Asia | 2,050,000 | 517 | 111 | 5.4 | 4.4–6.6 | 5.6 | 2.5–12.5 | 205 |
| West Africa | 80,000 | 22 | 242 | 302 | 196–468 | 277 | 112–683 | 13,356 |
| East Africa | 90,000 | 18 | 216 | 240 | 148–388 | 341 | 134–866 | 7,126 |
| Central Africa | 30,000 | 8 | 107 | 357 | 174–732 | 317 | 108–930 | 5,508 |
| Southern Africa | 170,000 | 42 | 78 | 46 | 32–67 | 49.6 | 21–119 | 7,742 |
| Central America + Caribbean | 550,000 | 43 | 7 | 1.3 | 0.6–2.7 | 1.0 | Reference | 155 |
| South America | 250,000 | 61 | 18 | 7.2 | 4.3–12.2 | 7.1 | 2.7–18.4 | 1,205 |
*With a multivariate odds ratios (with 95% confidence intervals [CI]) for the risk factors age, sex, and travel destination from a logistic regression model, and incidence per 100,000 inhabitants as reported to the World Health Organization (15).
†Malaria-free countries as defined by the World Health Organization (16).
‡Arab countries and Iran = Bahrain,† Iraq, Iran, Jordan,† Kuwait,† Lebanon,† Oman, Qatar,† Saudi Arabia, Syria, United Arab Emirates, Yemen; Indian Subcontinent = Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives,† Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka; East Asia = Brunei, Burma, Cambodia, China, Hong Kong,† Indonesia, Japan,† Laos, Malaysia, Mongolia,† Philippines, South Korea, Singapore,† Taiwan,† Thailand, Tibet,† Vietnam; West Africa = Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Senegal, Sierra Leone, The Gambia, Togo; East Africa = Burundi, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Seychelles,† Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda; Central Africa = Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Niger, Nigeria, São Tomé et Principe; Southern Africa = Angola; Botswana, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius,† Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe; Central America and Carribean = Antigua and Barbuda,† Bahamas,† Barbados,† Belize, Bermuda,† Cayman Islands,† Costa Rica, Cuba,† Dominica,† Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Grenada,† Guadeloupe,† Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica,† Haiti, Martinique,† Mexico, Netherlands Antilles,† Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico,† St. Christopher and Nevis,† St. Lucia/St. Vincent,† Saint Kitts-Nevis,† The Grenadines,† Trinidad and Tobago,† Virgin Islands;† South America = Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay,† Venezuela.
