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Volume 12, Number 1—January 2006
Letter

Bertiella studeri Infection, China

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To the Editor: Bertiella is a genus of tapeworm in the family Anoplocephalidae, many species of which exist as parasites of nonhuman primates. Two species of the genus, Bertiella studeri and B. mucronata, can infect humans (1). More than 50 cases of human infection have been recorded, and the geographic distribution of cases shows that the tapeworm exists in countries in Asia, Africa, and the Americas. We report a B. studeri infection in a person; to our knowledge, this case of bertiellosis is the first in China.

The patient was a 3.5-year-old Chinese boy from Suzhou City, Anhui Province. The boy had a 6-month history of frequent abdominal pain. His parents had noticed living "parasites" in his feces for 3 months; a segment of the worm was expelled every 2 or 3 days. According to the symptoms, doctors at the local hospital diagnosed his condition as Taenia solium infection and prescribed praziquantel, but no drug was available in the hospital or local drugstores. Consequently, the parents brought the child to Bengbu Medical College for further diagnosis and treatment.

Figure

Thumbnail of Eggs collected from proglottids. Left panel shows the length of the egg, scale bar = 10 μm; middle panel shows the hooklets in the egg; right panel shows the pyriform apparatus in the egg (under convert microscope).

Figure. Eggs collected from proglottids. Left panel shows the length of the egg, scale bar = 10 μm; middle panel shows the hooklets in the egg; right panel shows the pyriform apparatus...

The patient appeared healthy; routine medical examination showed normal heart, lung, liver, and spleen, and he had no fever. Though the patient had intermittent epigastric pain, the abdomen was soft and tender. A total of 133 proglottids were collected from the feces. Their average length was 0.1 cm, and the total length of all proglottids was 13 cm; each segment was 0.68–1.10 cm in width. Eggs (N = 53) were examined microscopically; they were roundish or oval, an average of 45.31 μm diameter (range 37.93–50.00 μm), and clearly showed typical pyriform apparatus, with visible hooklets (Figure). Other laboratory examinations showed hemoglobin level of 110 g/L, erythrocytes 3.9 × 1012 cells/L, and leukocytes 8.0 × 109 cells/L. Although 2 species can parasitize humans, the geographic distribution and egg size of these species differ (2). B. mucronata has smaller eggs and is found only in the New World. On the basis of the size of the proglottids (3), larger eggs with pyriform apparatus and hooklets, and geographic distribution, the infecting cestode was identified as B. studeri.

The origin of infection was not confirmed; the only clue was that the boy's parents had once raised tame monkeys in a zoo. When the boy was 2 years old, he often played in the wildland, which is part of the zoo near the forest, and frequently fed and played with the captured monkeys. Further questioning showed that the boy had also been in frequent contact with wild monkeys. We could not confirm whether he had been infected by eating monkey food contaminated with mites.

The lifecycle of the cestode requires 2 hosts; nonhuman primates are generally the final host, while oribatid mites are the intermediate host, in which the infective cysticercoid of the cestode develops. Orbatid mites may exist in soil to maintain natural infection, and the definitive host is infected by eating or otherwise coming into contact with contaminated soil or food. Animal infection has been recorded in some provinces in China, and human bertiellosis has been recorded in Sri Lanka (4), Saudi Arabia (5), Vietnam (6), Japan (7), India (8), Thailand, Malaysia, and other Asian countries. However, according to the most recent Chinese authoritative text, Human Parasitology (9), no human bertiellosis has been recorded in China. Humans are infected by unconsciously swallowing infected mites, and in Mauritius, children were infected by eating guavas that had fallen on the soil (10). Other human infections may have occurred, but infected persons may have had mild symptoms and not noticed expelling the segments, so local doctors may have considered the cases to have been caused by a common cestode. To prevent human bertiellosis, the relationship between human cases and the natural host must be investigated.

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Acknowledgment

We thank Guan-Ling Wu, Yong Wang, You-Fang Gu, Bai-Qing Li, Ze Min, and Bei Yao for assisting with our literature collection and manuscript writing.

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Xin Sun*†Comments to Author , Qiang Fang*†, Xing-Zhi Chen*†, Shou-Feng Hu*†, Hui Xia*†, and Xue-Mei Wang*†
Author affiliations: *Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; †Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu, China

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References

  1. Beaver  PC, Jung  RC, Cupp  EW. Cyclophyllidean tapeworms. In: Beaver PC, Jung RC, Cupp EW, editors. Clinical parasitology. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger; 1984. p 505–6.
  2. Galan-Puchades  MT, Fuentes  MV, Mas-Coma  S. Morphology of Bertiella studeri (Blanchard, 1891) sensu Stunkard (1940) (Cestoda: Anoplocephalidae) of human origin and a proposal of criteria for the specific diagnosis of bertiellosis. Folia Parasitol (Praha). 2000;47:238.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. Frean  J, Dini  L. Unusual anoplocephalid tapeworm infections in South Africa. Annals of the Australasian College of Tropical Medicine. 2004;5:811.
  4. Gallella  SD, Gunawardena  GS, Karunaweera  ND. Bertiella studeri infection: resistance to niclosamide. Ceylon Med J. 2004;49:65.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  5. El-Dib  NA, Al-Rufaii  A, El-Badry  AA, Al-Zoheiry  AA, Abd El-Aal  AA. Human infection with Bertiella species in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Pharm J. 2004;12:1689.
  6. Xuan le T. Anantaphruti MT, Tuan PA, Tu le X, Hien TV. The first human infection with Bertiella studeri in Vietnam. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2003;34:298300.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  7. Ando  K, Ito  T, Miura  K, Matsuoka  H, Chinzei  Y. Infection of an adult in Mie Prefecture, Japan, by Bertiella studeri. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1996;27:2001.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. Panda  DN, Panda  MR. Record of Bertiella studeri (Blanchard, 1891), an anoplocephalid tapeworm, from a child. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1994;88:4512.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  9. Bao  H-E. In: Bertiella studeri. Guanling WU, editor. Human parasitology. 3rd ed. Beijing: People's Health Publishing House; 2005. p. 569–70.
  10. Bhagwant  S. Human Bertiella studeri (family Anoplocephalidae) infection of probable Southeast Asian origin in Mauritian children and an adult. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2004;70:2258.PubMedGoogle Scholar

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Cite This Article

DOI: 10.3201/eid1201.050579

Medline reports the first author should be "Galán-Puchades MT" not "Galan-Puchades MT" in reference 2 "Galan-Puchades, Fuentes, Mas-Coma, 2000".

Medline cannot find the journal "Annals of the Australasian College of Tropical Medicine." (in reference 3 "Frean, Dini, 2004"). Please check the journal name.

Cannot find a title to match the journal "Annals of the Australasian College of Tropical Medicine." (in reference 3 "Frean, Dini, 2004").

Reference has only first page number. Please provide the last page number if article is longer than one page. (in reference 4 "Gallella, Gunawardena, Karunaweera, 2004").

Medline cannot find the journal "Saudi Pharm J" (in reference 5 "El-Dib, Al-Rufaii, El-Badry, Al-Zoheiry, Abd El-Aal, 2004"). Please check the journal name.

Medline reports the first author should be "Xuan T" in reference 6 "Xuan le T, 2003".

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Please use the form below to submit correspondence to the authors or contact them at the following address:

Xin Sun, Department of Parasitology, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, 801 Zhihuai Rd, Bengbu 233003, China; fax: 86-055-2305-7412

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Page created: February 21, 2012
Page updated: February 21, 2012
Page reviewed: February 21, 2012
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
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