Emerging Infectious Disease ISSN: 1080-6059

Nonpharmaceutical Influenza Mitigation Strategies, US Communities, 1918–1920 Pandemic1

Howard Markel*

, Alexandra M. Stern*, J. Alexander Navarro*, Joseph R. Michalsen*, Arnold S. Monto†, and Cleto DiGiovanni‡

Author affiliations: *The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA,; †The University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; ‡US Department of Defense, Fort Belvoir, Virginia, USA

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Figure 2

Naval Training Station, San Francisco, California. View looking south over the wharf area, from the eastern end of Yerba Buena ("Goat") Island, 1921. Long Wharf is in the foreground, lined with rowing boats on davits. Beyond is Navy Wharf, with the receiving ship Boston (1887–1946) at far left. The Lighthouse Wharf is beyond that. Collection of Eugene R. O'Brien. Photo #NH 100361. US Naval Historical Center photograph. From US Naval Historical Center (available from http://www.history.navy.mil/p

Figure 2. Naval Training Station, San Francisco, California. View looking south over the wharf area, from the eastern end of Yerba Buena ("Goat") Island, 1921. Long Wharf is in the foreground, lined with rowing boats on davits. Beyond is Navy Wharf, with the receiving ship Boston (1887–1946) at far left. The Lighthouse Wharf is beyond that. Collection of Eugene R. O'Brien. Photo #NH 100361. US Naval Historical Center photograph. From US Naval Historical Center (available from http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/i00000/i00361.jpg).

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¹Presented, in part, at the 5th CDC National Conference on Public Health Law, held in Atlanta, Georgia, USA, June 2006.

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