Volume 12, Number 5—May 2006
THEME ISSUE
Tuberculosis Special Section
Research
Beijing/W Genotype Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Drug Resistance
Table A1
Included studies on Beijing/W genotype Mycobacterium tuberculosis and drug resistance*
| Country | Period | Source | Type of TB | No previous TB % | Typing method | Reference† | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Western Europe | ||||||||
| Austria: western | 1993–2004 | Laboratory receiving from nearly all hospitals in area | Pulm/Extra | ? | Spoligo on all | |||
| Denmark: entire | 1992–2001 | Central laboratory for entire country | Pulm/Extra | 97 | RFLP, spoligo | (37) | ||
| Finland: entire | 2000–2002 | Central laboratory for entire country | Pulm/Extra | ? | RFLP, spoligo | (38) | ||
| France | ||||||||
| Paris area | 1995 | All patients from 10 hospitals | Pulm/Extra | 88 | RFLP, spoligo | (39) | ||
| Paris | 2001–2003 | Patients at 1 hospital | Pulm/Extra | ? | Spoligo on all | |||
| Lyon | 2003 | Central laboratory for area | Pulm/Extra | 77 | Spoligo on all | |||
| Germany: Hamburg | 2001 | Notified patients in area | ? | 99 | RFLP, spoligo | (40) | ||
| Italy | ||||||||
| Verona | 1996–1997 | Reference laboratory for area | Pulm/Extra | ? | Spoligo on all | (41) | ||
| Sardinia | 1997–1998 | Patients at 1 hospital | Pulm/Extra | 73 | RFLP, spoligo | |||
| Tuscany | 2002 | All patients in area | Pulm/Extra | 83 | RFLP, spoligo | (42) | ||
| Netherlands: entire | 1993–2002 | All patients in area | Pulm/Extra | 96 | RFLP, spoligo | (43) | ||
| Spain | ||||||||
| Elche | 1993–1999 | Sample of patients in area | Pulm/Extra | 90 | RFLP, spoligo | (44) | ||
| Madrid | 1992–2001 | All patients in area | Pulm/Extra | 71 | RFLP, spoligo | |||
| Zaragoza | 1993–1995 | All patients in area | Pulm/Extra | ? | RFLP, spoligo | (45) | ||
| Sweden: western | 1999–2002 | Laboratory for all patients in area | Pulm/Extra | 87 | Spoligo on all | (46) | ||
| United Kingdom | ||||||||
| Inner London | 1993 | Laboratories for all patients in area | Pulm/Extra | 89 | Spoligo on all | (47) | ||
| London | 1995–1997 | Laboratories for all patients in area | Pulm/Extra | 88 | RFLP | (48) | ||
| Central and Eastern Europe | ||||||||
| Czech Republic: Prague and South Moravia | 1998 | Laboratories for all patients in areas | Pulm/Extra | ? | Spoligo on all | (49) | ||
| Estonia: entire | 1994 | All new pulmonary TB patients in area | Pulm | 100 | RFLP, spoligo | (50) | ||
| Russia | ||||||||
| St. Petersburg | 1999–2002 | All patients in area with data | Pulm/Extra | 59 | RFLP, spoligo | (51,52) | ||
| Archangel | 1998–1999 | All patients at TB clinic | Pulm | 75 | Spoligo on all | (53) | ||
| North Africa and Middle East | ||||||||
| Iran: several areas | 1995–1997 | All smear-positive patients from Shiraz plus random others | Pulm/Extra | 79 | RFLP, spoligo | (54) | ||
| Sub-Saharan Africa | ||||||||
| Cameroon: western region | 1997–1998 | All patients from all hospitals in region | Pulm | 79 | Spoligo on all | (55,56) | ||
| Ethiopia: Addis Ababa | 1996 | Patients at 1 hospital | Pulm | 85 | RFLP, spoligo | (57) | ||
| Guinea Bissau: Bissau | 1989–1993 | All patients in area | Pulm | 100 | RFLP, spoligo | (58) | ||
| Malawi: Karonga District | 1996–2003 | All patients in area | Pulm/Extra | 93 | RFLP, spoligo | (59) | ||
| South Africa: Cape Town | 1992–1998 | All patients from 2 clinics | Pulm/Extra | 91 | RFLP, spoligo | (60) | ||
| Sudan: Khartoum | 1998–1999 | Patients from 2 clinics | Pulm | 54 | Spoligo on all | (61) | ||
| Zimbabwe: Harare | 1997 | All patients from 1 hospital | Pulm | 93 | Spoligo on all | (62) | ||
| North America | ||||||||
| United States | ||||||||
| New Jersey | 1999 | All patients in area | Pulm/Extra | 99 | RFLP, spoligo, region A | (63) | ||
| San Francisco | 1998–2000 | All patients in area | Pulm/Extra | 92 | RFLP | (64) | ||
| Caribbean | ||||||||
| Cuba | ||||||||
| Outside Havana | 1994–1995 | Isolates sent from regional laboratories | Pulm | 94 | RFLP, spoligo | (65) | ||
| Havana | 1997–1998 | Isolates sent to reference laboratory | Pulm | 86 | RFLP | (66) | ||
| Latin America | ||||||||
| Argentina: Buenos Aires | 1998–2001 | All patients in 1 hospital | Pulm/Extra | 82 | Spoligo on all | |||
| Brazil: São Paulo | 2000–2002 | All patients in area | Pulm | 72 | RFLP | |||
| Indian subcontinent | ||||||||
| India: Delhi | 1995–1996 | Patients from 2 male wards + clinic | ? | 57 | RFLP, spoligo | (67) | ||
| Bangladesh: Mymensingh | 2001–2003 | Hospitalized patients, 3 hospitals | Pulm | 1 | Spoligo on all | (68) | ||
| Southeast Asia | ||||||||
| Indonesia: Jakarta | 1998–1999 | All patients from outpatient TB clinic | Pulm | 75 | RFLP,spoligo | (69) | ||
| Malaysia: entire | 1993–1994 | Random sample from reference laboratory | Pulm/Extra | 89 | RFLP | (70) | ||
| Thailand: Bangkok | 1998–2000 | All patients in single hospital | Pulm/Extra | Spoligo on all | (71) | |||
| Vietnam | ||||||||
| Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City | 1998–1999 | All new smear-positive patients at 2 centers | Pulm | ? | Spoligo on all | (72) | ||
| Ho Chi Minh City | 1998–2000 | HIV stratified random sample (1/3 HIV positive) | Pulm | 100 | RFLP, spoligo | |||
| Tiet Giang Province | 2003 | Age stratified sample from laboratory (1/2 patients <40 y) | Pulm | 93 | RFLP, spoligo | |||
| East Asia | ||||||||
| China | ||||||||
| Shanghai and other areas | 1994–1995 | Random sample from laboratory | ? | ? | Spoligo on all | |||
| Henan | 2001–2002 | All patients in 1 hospital (severe cases) | Pulm | 87 | RFLP | |||
| Hong Kong: Hong Kong | 1998–1999 | Random sample from laboratory | ? | 100 | Spoligo on all | (73) | ||
| Japan: Okayama | 2000–2002 | All patients in area with data | Pulm/Extra | 99 | RFLP, spoligo | (74) | ||
| Mongolia: entire | 1998–1999 | Random sample of patients in area | Pulm | 100 | Spoligo on all | (75) | ||
| Taiwan: entire | 2002 | Random sample from laboratory | Pulm/Extra | ? | Spoligo on all | (76) | ||
*TB, tuberculosis; Pulm, pulmonary; extra, extrapulmonary; spoligo, spoligotyping; RFLP, restriction fragment length polymorphism, IS6110 fingerprinting; region A, characteristic insertion in region A.
†The references given describe the studies from which the data came. In many cases, the analysis of Beijing strains has been carried out specifically for this collaborative study. The key contacts who contributed the data are listed as follows: Austria: Wolfgang Prodinger (Medizinische Universität Innsbruck); Denmark: Troels Lillebaek (Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen); Finland: Hanna Soini, Petri Ruutu, (National Public Health Institute, Helsinki); France: Cristina Gutierrez, Veronique Vincent (Institut Pasteur, Paris); Beate Heym, Veronique Friocourt (Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Boulogne-Billancourt); Isabelle Fredenucci, Jean-Pierre Flandrois (Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Lyon); Germany: Stefan Niemann (National Reference Centre for Mycobacteria, Forschungszentrum Borstel, Hamburg), Roland Diel (School of Public Health, University of Düsseldorf); Italy: Stefano Bonora (Università di Verona); Leonardo A Sechi, Stephania Zanetti (Università di Sassari); Carlo Garzelli (Università di Pisa); the Netherlands: Martien Borgdorff (KNCV Tuberculosis Foundation) Petra de Haas, Kristin Kremer, Dick van Soolingen (RIVM); Spain: Montserrat Ruiz, Juan Carlos Rodríguez, Gloria Royo (Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche); Ana Pérez Meixeira, Jenaro Astray (Public Health Institute Getafe, Madrid), Juana Cacho, Amador Ramos (Hospital Universitario de Getafe); Maria Jose Iglesias (University of Zaragoza), Sofia Samper (Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza); United Kingdom: Andrew Hayward, John Watson, Francis Drobniewski (Health Protection Agency, London); Jeremy Dale (University of Surrey) on behalf of the Steering Committee, Molecular Epidemiology of Tuberculosis in London; Sweden: Malin Ridell, Liselott Svensson (Institute of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Göteborg University); Czech Republic: Milan Kubin (Institute of Hygiene of the City of Prague); Estonia: Annika Krüüner (Tartu University, Estonia, and Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden); Russia: Olga Toungoussova (University of Oslo, Norway), Dominique Caugant (Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway), Andrey Mariandyshev (Northern State Medical University, Archangel): Olga Narvaskaya, Igor Mokrousov (St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute), Tatjana Otten, Boris Vyshnevskiy (Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology, St. Petersburg); Iran: Mehrnoosh Doroudchi (Shiraz University of Medical Sciences); Cameroon: Sara Ngo Niobe-Eyangoh (Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaoundé); Ethiopia: Judith Bruchfeld (Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Solna); Guinea Bissau: Tuija Koivula, Gunilla Kallenius (Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Solna); Malawi: Amelia Crampin, Judith Glynn (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK) on behalf of The Karonga Prevention Study (Chilumba, Malawi); South Africa: Madalene Richardson, Paul van Helden, Rob Warren, Nulda Beyers (Stellenbosch University, Cape Town); Sudan: Ghada Sharaf-Eldin (National Health Laboratory, Khartoum); Zimbabwe: Philippa Easterbrook, Shahed Murad, Francis Drobniewski (King’s College London, UK); Cuba: Raul Diaz (Instituto Pedro Kourí, Havana); United States: Barry Kreiswirth (International Center for Public Health, Newark, NJ); Midori Kato-Maeda, Elizabeth Fair, Sebastien Gagneux, Peter Small (Stanford University, Stanford, CA); Argentina: Nora Morcillo (Reference Laboratory of Buenos Aires Tuberculosis Control Program) Angel Cataldi (National Institute of Agricultural Technology); Brazil: Lucilaine Ferrazoli (Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Sao Paulo); India: Kristin Kremer (RIVM), P. Seth (All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi); Bangladesh: Leen Rigouts, Isdore Chola Shamputa (Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium); Indonesia: Reinout van Crevel (University Medical Center Nijmegen, the Netherlands); Malaysia: Jeremy Dale (University of Surrey, Guildford, UK); Thailand: Wolfgang Prodinger (Medizinische Universität Innsbruck, Austria), Porntip Bunyaratevej (Mahidol University, Bangkok); China: James Douglas (University of Hawaii); Li Weimin (Beijing Tuberculosis and Chest Tumor Institution), Kristin Kremer (RIVM); K.M. Kam (Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Hong Kong); Japan: Ritsuko Ohata (Okayama Prefectural Institute for Environmental Science and Public Health); Mongolia: N. Naranbat (National Center for Communicable Diseases, Ulaanbaatar); Vietnam: Dang Duc Anh (National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi); Mai Huyen, Nguyen Thi Ngoc Lan (Ho Chi Minh City); Taiwan: Ruwen Jou (Center for Disease Control, Taipei).
1Analysis and writing committee: Judith R. Glynn, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Kristin Kremer, RIVM, Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Martien W. Borgdorff, Royal Netherlands Tuberculosis Association (KNCV) Tuberculosis Foundation, The Hague, the Netherlands; Mar Pujades Rodriguez, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK; and Dick van Soolingen, RIVM, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
2The key contacts who contributed the data are listed as follows: Austria: Wolfgang Prodinger (Medizinische Universität Innsbruck); Denmark: Troels Lillebaek (Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen); Finland: Hanna Soini, Petri Ruutu, (National Public Health Institute, Helsinki); France: Cristina Gutierrez, Veronique Vincent (Institut Pasteur, Paris); Beate Heym, Veronique Friocourt (Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Boulogne-Billancourt); Isabelle Fredenucci, Jean-Pierre Flandrois (Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Lyon); Germany: Stefan Niemann (National Reference Centre for Mycobacteria, Forschungszentrum Borstel, Hamburg), Roland Diel (School of Public Health, University of Düsseldorf); Italy: Stefano Bonora (Università di Verona); Leonardo A Sechi, Stephania Zanetti (Università di Sassari); Carlo Garzelli (Università di Pisa); the Netherlands: Martien Borgdorff (KNCV Tuberculosis Foundation) Petra de Haas, Kristin Kremer, Dick van Soolingen (RIVM); Spain: Montserrat Ruiz, Juan Carlos Rodríguez, Gloria Royo (Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche); Ana Pérez Meixeira, Jenaro Astray (Public Health Institute Getafe, Madrid), Juana Cacho, Amador Ramos (Hospital Universitario de Getafe); Maria Jose Iglesias (University of Zaragoza), Sofia Samper (Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza); United Kingdom: Andrew Hayward, John Watson, Francis Drobniewski (Health Protection Agency, London); Jeremy Dale (University of Surrey) on behalf of the Steering Committee, Molecular Epidemiology of Tuberculosis in London; Sweden: Malin Ridell, Liselott Svensson (Institute of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Göteborg University); Czech Republic: Milan Kubin (Institute of Hygiene of the City of Prague); Estonia: Annika Krüüner (Tartu University, Estonia, and Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden); Russia: Olga Toungoussova (University of Oslo, Norway), Dominique Caugant (Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway), Andrey Mariandyshev (Northern State Medical University, Archangel): Olga Narvaskaya, Igor Mokrousov (St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute), Tatjana Otten, Boris Vyshnevskiy (Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology, St. Petersburg); Iran: Mehrnoosh Doroudchi (Shiraz University of Medical Sciences); Cameroon: Sara Ngo Niobe-Eyangoh (Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaoundé); Ethiopia: Judith Bruchfeld (Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Solna); Guinea Bissau: Tuija Koivula, Gunilla Kallenius (Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Solna); Malawi: Amelia Crampin, Judith Glynn (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK) on behalf of The Karonga Prevention Study (Chilumba, Malawi); South Africa: Madalene Richardson, Paul van Helden, Rob Warren, Nulda Beyers (Stellenbosch University, Cape Town); Sudan: Ghada Sharaf-Eldin (National Health Laboratory, Khartoum); Zimbabwe: Philippa Easterbrook, Shahed Murad, Francis Drobniewski (King’s College London, UK); Cuba: Raul Diaz (Instituto Pedro Kourí, Havana); United States: Barry Kreiswirth (International Center for Public Health, Newark, NJ); Midori Kato-Maeda, Elizabeth Fair, Sebastien Gagneux, Peter Small (Stanford University, Stanford, CA); Argentina: Nora Morcillo (Reference Laboratory of Buenos Aires Tuberculosis Control Program) Angel Cataldi (National Institute of Agricultural Technology); Brazil: Lucilaine Ferrazoli (Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Sao Paulo); India: Kristin Kremer (RIVM), P. Seth (All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi); Bangladesh: Leen Rigouts, Isdore Chola Shamputa (Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium); Indonesia: Reinout van Crevel (University Medical Center Nijmegen, the Netherlands); Malaysia: Jeremy Dale (University of Surrey, Guildford, UK); Thailand: Wolfgang Prodinger (Medizinische Universität Innsbruck, Austria), Porntip Bunyaratevej (Mahidol University, Bangkok); China: James Douglas (University of Hawaii); Li Weimin (Beijing Tuberculosis and Chest Tumor Institution), Kristin Kremer (RIVM); K.M. Kam (Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Hong Kong); Japan: Ritsuko Ohata (Okayama Prefectural Institute for Environmental Science and Public Health); Mongolia: N. Naranbat (National Center for Communicable Diseases, Ulaanbaatar); Vietnam: Dang Duc Anh (National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi); Mai Huyen, Nguyen Thi Ngoc Lan (Ho Chi Minh City); Taiwan: Ruwen Jou (Center for Disease Control, Taipei).
