Emerging Infectious Disease ISSN: 1080-6059

Ducks as Sentinels for Avian Influenza in Wild Birds

Anja Globig

, Anette Baumer, Sandra Revilla-Fernández, Martin Beer, Eveline Wodak, Maria Fink, Norbert Greber, Timm C. Harder, Hendrik Wilking, Iris Brunhart, Doris Matthes, Ulf Kraatz, Peter Strunk, Wolfgang Fiedler, Sasan R. Fereidouni, Christoph Staubach, Franz J. Conraths, Chris Griot, Thomas C. Mettenleiter, and Katharina D.C. Stärk

Author affiliations: Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany (A. Globig, M. Beer, T.C. Harder, H. Wilking, U. Kraatz, P. Strunk, S.R. Fereidouni, C. Staubach, F.J. Conraths, T.C. Mettenleiter); Institute of Virology and Immunoprophylaxis, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland (A. Baumer, C. Griot); Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Mödling, Austria (S. Revilla-Fernández, E. Wodak, M. Fink); State of Vorarlberg Veterinary Directorate, Vorarlberg, Austria (N. Greber); Bird Ringing Centre, Radolfzell, Germany (D. Matthes, W. Fiedler); Federal Veterinary Office, Bern, Switzerland (I. Brunhart); Royal Veterinary College, London, UK (K.D.C. Stärk)

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Figure 1

Locations of sentinel duck flocks at 5 locations in Germany, Switzerland, and Austria. A–C) Sites at Lake Constance: Radolfzell, Germany (A); Bregenz-Thal, Austria (B); and Altenrhein, Switzerland (C). D–E) Additional sentinel stations at Lake Felchow, Brandenburg, Germany (D), and Isle of Koos, Mecklenburg–Western Pomerania, Germany (E). Yellow dots mark the location of sentinel stations. Red dots mark detections of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) (H5N1) in dead wild birds in 20

Figure 1. Locations of sentinel duck flocks at 5 locations in Germany, Switzerland, and Austria. A–C) Sites at Lake Constance: Radolfzell, Germany (A); Bregenz-Thal, Austria (B); and Altenrhein, Switzerland (C). D–E) Additional sentinel stations at Lake Felchow, Brandenburg, Germany (D), and Isle of Koos, Mecklenburg–Western Pomerania, Germany (E). Yellow dots mark the location of sentinel stations. Red dots mark detections of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) (H5N1) in dead wild birds in 2006, and blue dots in 2007. In 2008, HPAIV (H5N1) was not found in dead wild birds in any of the 3 countries but was found in a live pochard (Aythya ferina) from Switzerland/Lake Sempach (blue dot in Switzerland).

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