Emerging Infectious Disease ISSN: 1080-6059

Rare Influenza A (H3N2) Variants with Reduced Sensitivity to Antiviral Drugs

Clyde Dapat¹

, Yasushi Suzuki¹, Reiko Saito, Yadanar Kyaw, Yi Yi Myint, Nay Lin, Htun Naing Oo, Khin Yi Oo, Ne Win, Makoto Naito, Go Hasegawa, Isolde C. Dapat, Hassan Zaraket, Tatiana Baranovich, Makoto Nishikawa, Takehiko Saito, and Hiroshi Suzuki

Author affiliations: Niigata University, Niigata, Japan (C. Dapat, Y. Suzuki, R. Saito, M. Naito, G. Hasegawa, I.C. Dapat, H. Zaraket, T. Baranovich, H. Suzuki); National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba City, Japan (T. Saito); Niigata Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Niigata (M. Nishikawa); Sanpya Hospital, Yangon, Myanmar (Y. Kyaw); National Health Laboratory, Yangon (K.Y. Oo, N. Win); Central Myanmar Department of Medical Research, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar (Y.Y. Myint, N. Lin, H.N. Oo)

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Figure 1

Phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin (HA) (A) and neuraminidase (B) genes of influenza virus A (H3N2) isolates in Myanmar in 2007 and 2008. Trees were generated by using the neighbor-joining method. Bootstrap values >70% of 1,000 replicates and amino acid changes that characterize a branch are indicated on the left side of the node. Amantadine-resistant isolates with S31N mutation in M2 are marked with asterisks, and isolates with reduced sensitivity to zanamivir with Q136K mutation in

Figure 1. Phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin (HA) (A) and neuraminidase (B) genes of influenza virus A (H3N2) isolates in Myanmar in 2007 and 2008. Trees were generated by using the neighbor-joining method. Bootstrap values >70% of 1,000 replicates and amino acid changes that characterize a branch are indicated on the left side of the node. Amantadine-resistant isolates with S31N mutation in M2 are marked with asterisks, and isolates with reduced sensitivity to zanamivir with Q136K mutation in NA are marked with squares. GenBank accession no. of the genomic sequences of isolates are GQ478849–GQ478866. Nucleotide sequences of the HA and NA genes of vaccine strains and isolates from other countries were obtained from the National Center for Biotechnology Information Influenza Virus Resource (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/FLU). Scale bar indicates nucleotide substitutions per site.

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¹These authors contributed equally to this article.

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