Volume 17, Number 6—June 2011
Research
Wild Birds and Increased Transmission of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H5N1) among Poultry, Thailand
Juthatip Keawcharoen, Jan van den Broek, Annemarie Bouma, Thanawat Tiensin, Albert D.M.E Osterhaus, and Hans Heesterbeek
Table A1
Overview of wild bird samples collected during 2004–2007, Thailand*
| Order | Family | No. species | No. samples | No. avian influenza (H5N1)–positive birds | Prevalence (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anseriformes |
Anatidae |
8 |
300 |
2 |
0.007 (0–0.03) |
| Apodiformes | Apodidae | 4 | 92 | 0 | – |
| Hemiprocnidae |
1 |
6 |
0 |
– |
|
| Bucerotiformes |
Bucerotidae |
8 |
71 |
0 |
– |
| Caprimulgiformes |
Caprimulgidae |
1 |
3 |
0 |
– |
| Charadriiformes | Charadriidae | 10 | 175 | 3 | 0.02 (0.01–0.04) |
| Jacanidae | 2 | 63 | 1 | – | |
| Laridae | 1 | 117 | 1 | – | |
| Recurvirostridae | 1 | 208 | 0 | – | |
| Rostratulidae | 1 | 6 | 0 | – | |
| Scolopacidae | 15 | 907 | 0 | – | |
| Sternidae | 2 | 12 | 0 | – | |
| Turnicidae | 2 | 21 | 0 | – | |
| Glareolidae |
1 |
10 |
0 |
– |
|
| Ciconiiformes | Ardeidae | 23 | 2,181 | 10 | 0.15 (0.11–0.20) |
| Ciconiidae | 4 | 3,310 | 33 | – | |
| Thereskiornithidae |
2 |
19 |
0 |
– |
|
| Columbiformes |
Columbidae |
15 |
7,692 |
47 |
0.16 (0.12–0.21) |
| Coraciiformes | Alcedinidae | 1 | 14 | 0 | – |
| Coraciidae | 1 | 3 | 0 | – | |
| Halcyonidae | 5 | 112 | 0 | – | |
| Meropidae | 3 | 38 | 0 | – | |
| Upupidae |
1 |
4 |
0 |
– |
|
| Cuculiformes |
Cuculidae |
4 |
28 |
1 |
0.003 (0–0.01) |
| Falconiformes |
Accipitridae |
13 |
70 |
1 |
0.003 (0–0.01) |
| Galliformes |
Phasianidae |
25 |
695 |
28 |
0.09 (0.06–0.13) |
| Gruiformes | Gruidae | 2 | 41 | 1 | 0.007 (0–0.03) |
| Rallidae |
4 |
93 |
1 |
– |
|
| Passeriformes | Alaudidae | 1 | 6 | 0 | 0.19 (0.15–0.25) |
| Artamidae | 1 | 49 | 0 | – | |
| Campephagidae | 1 | 1 | 0 | – | |
| Cisticolidae | 3 | 236 | 0 | – | |
| Corvidae | 6 | 54 | 10 | – | |
| Dicruridae | 3 | 25 | 3 | – | |
| Estrildidae | 3 | 363 | 1 | – | |
| Fringillidae | 1 | 17 | 0 | – | |
| Hirundinidae | 6 | 952 | 0 | – | |
| Irenidae | 2 | 4 | 0 | – | |
| Laniidae | 2 | 4 | 0 | – | |
| Motacillidae | 7 | 213 | 0 | – | |
| Muscicapidae | 8 | 162 | 0 | – | |
| Oriolidae | 2 | 6 | 0 | – | |
| Passeridae | 3 | 2,997 | 17 | – | |
| Phylloscopidae | 1 | 1 | 0 | – | |
| Pittidae | 1 | 2 | 0 | – | |
| Ploceidae | 3 | 97 | 0 | – | |
| Pycnonotidae | 9 | 519 | 3 | – | |
| Rhipiduridae | 2 | 19 | 0 | – | |
| Sturnidae | 11 | 1,969 | 23 | – | |
| Sylviidae | 7 | 97 | 0 | – | |
| Timaliidae | 8 | 25 | 0 | – | |
| Zosteropidae |
2 |
2 |
0 |
– |
|
| Pelecaniformes | Pelecanidae | 1 | 6 | 0 | – |
| Phalacrocoracidae |
2 |
128 |
0 |
– |
|
| Piciformes | Megalaimidae | 5 | 16 | 1 | 0.003 (0–0.01) |
| Picidae |
2 |
3 |
0 |
– |
|
| Psittaciformes | Cacatuidae | 7 | 54 | 1 | 0.014 (0–0.03) |
| Chloropseidae | 1 | 3 | 0 | – | |
| Psittacidae |
26 |
201 |
3 |
– |
|
| Strigiformes | Strigidae | 2 | 14 | 0 | – |
| Tytonidae |
1 |
1 |
0 |
– |
|
| Struthioniformes |
Struthionidae |
1 |
150 |
1 |
0.003 (0–0.01) |
| Podicipediformes |
Podicipedidae |
1 |
5 |
0 |
– |
| Casuariiformes |
Casuariidae |
1 |
20 |
0 |
– |
| Total: 20 | 64 | 303 | 24,712 | 192 | (0.67–0.89) |
*CI, confidence interval; –, not applicable.
