Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link
Volume 17, Number 6—June 2011
Dispatch

Reassortant Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Virus in Pigs, United Kingdom

Wendy A. Howard, Steve C. Essen, Benjamin W. Strugnell, Christine Russell, Laura Barrass, Scott M. Reid, and Ian H. BrownComments to Author 
Author affiliations: Author affiliations: Veterinary Laboratories Agency–Weybridge, Addlestone, UK (W.A. Howard, S.C. Essen, C. Russell, L. Barrass, S.M. Reid, I.H. Brown); Veterinary Laboratories Agency–Thirsk, Thirsk, UK (B.W. Strugnell)

Main Article

Figure

Phylogenetic analysis of influenza A virus hemagglutinin (A) and neuraminidase (B) genes. Trees were constructed by using the neighbor-joining method. Solid diamonds indicate A/swine/England/1382/10 genes from virus isolated in this study, and open diamonds indicate genes from other viruses reported in this study. Percentage of replicate trees in which the associated taxa clustered together in the bootstrap test (1,000 replicates) is shown next to the branches for values >70% (11). Evolutiona

Figure. Phylogenetic analysis of influenza A virus hemagglutinin (A) and neuraminidase (B) genes. Trees were constructed by using the neighbor-joining method. Solid diamonds indicate A/swine/England/1382/10 genes from virus isolated in this study, and open diamonds indicate genes from other viruses reported in this study. Percentage of replicate trees in which the associated taxa clustered together in the bootstrap test (1,000 replicates) is shown next to the branches for values >70% (11). Evolutionary distances were computed by using the Tamura-Nei method (12). Phylogenetic analyses were conducted by using MEGA4 (13). Scale bars indicate nucleotide substitutions per site.

Main Article

References
  1. Taubenberger  JK, Reid  AH, Janczewski  TA, Fanning  TG. Integrating historical, clinical and molecular genetic data in order to explain the origin and virulence of the 1918 Spanish influenza virus. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2001;356:182939. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  2. Shope  RE. Swine influenza: III. Filtration experiments and etiology. J Exp Med. 1931;54:37385. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. Van Reeth  K, Brown  IH, Durrwald  R, Foni  E, Labarque  G, Lenihan  P, Seroprevalence of H1N1, H3N2 and H1N2 influenza viruses in pigs in seven European countries in 2002–2003. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2008;2:99105. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  4. Brown  IH, Chakraverty  P, Harris  PA, Alexander  DJ. Disease outbreaks in pigs in Great Britain due to an influenza A virus of H1N2 subtype. Vet Rec. 1995;136:3289. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  5. Brown  IH, Harris  PA, McCauley  JW, Alexander  DJ. Multiple genetic reassortment of avian and human influenza A viruses in European pigs, resulting in the emergence of an H1N2 virus of novel genotype. J Gen Virol. 1998;79:294755.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  6. Brown  IH. The role of pigs in interspecies transmission. In: Klenk H-D, Matrosovich MN, Stech J, editors. Avian influenza. Monographs in virology. Vol. 27. Basel (Switzerland): Karger; 2008. p. 88–100.
  7. Garten  RJ, Davis  CT, Russell  CA, Shu  B, Lindstrom  S, Balish  A, Antigenic and genetic characteristics of swine-origin 2009 A(H1N1) influenza viruses circulating in humans. Science. 2009;325:197201. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. Vijaykrishna  D, Poon  LL, Zhu  HC, Ma  SK, Li  OT, Cheung  CL, Reassortment of pandemic H1N1/2009 influenza A virus in swine. Science. 2010;328:1529. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  9. Slomka  MJ, Densham  AL, Coward  VJ, Essen  S, Brookes  SM, Irvine  RM, Real time reverse transcription (RRT)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods for detection of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza virus and European swine influenza A virus infections in pigs. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2010;4:27793. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  10. World Organisation for Animal Health. Swine influenza. Manual of diagnostic tests and vaccines for terrestrial animals. 6th ed. Paris: The Organisation; 2008 [cited 2011 Mar 8]. http://www.oie.int/eng/normes/mmanual/2008/pdf/2.08.08_SWINE_INFLUENZA.pdf
  11. Felsenstein  J. Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap. Evolution. 1985;39:78391. DOIGoogle Scholar
  12. Tamura  K, Nei  M. Estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions in the control region of mitochondrial DNA in humans and chimpanzees. Mol Biol Evol. 1993;10:51226.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  13. Tamura  K, Dudley  J, Nei  M, Kumar  S. MEGA4: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) software version 4.0. Mol Biol Evol. 2007;24:15969. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  14. Yamada  S, Hatta  M, Staker  BL, Watanabe  S, Imai  M, Shinya  K, Biological and structural characterization of a host-adapting amino acid in influenza virus. PLoS Pathog. 2010;6:pii:e1001034.
  15. Kyriakis  CS, Olsen  CW, Carman  S, Brown  IH, Brookes  SM, Doorsselaere  JV, Serologic cross-reactivity with pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus in pigs, Europe. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16:969. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar

Main Article

Page created: August 04, 2011
Page updated: August 04, 2011
Page reviewed: August 04, 2011
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
file_external