Volume 17, Number 8—August 2011
Dispatch
Predictors of Pneumococcal Co-infection for Patients with Pandemic (H1N1) 2009
Table
Demographic and clinical data of patients with pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus, by pneumococcal co-infection status, Spain, July 2009–March 2010*
| Variable |
Influenza plus pneumococcal disease, n = 14 |
Influenza without pneumococcal disease, n = 86 |
p value† |
Influenza plus pneumococcal pneumonia, n = 9 |
Influenza plus nonpneumococcal pneumonia, n = 15 |
p value† |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female sex | 8 (57.1) | 41 (47.7) | 0.511 | 6 (66.7) | 7 (46.7) | 0.341 |
| Age, y |
42.1 (35.7–57.0) |
39.2 (27.3–52.1) |
0.371 |
39.7 (31.1–63.1) |
43.6 (31.7–51.3) |
0.788 |
| Concurrent conditions‡ | 10 (71.4) | 71 (82.6) | 0.325 | 7 (77.8) | 11 (73.3) | 0.808 |
| Pregnancy | 1 (7.1) | 1 (1.1) | 0.188 | 1 (11.1) | 0 | 0.261 |
| Decompensated concurrent condition | 3 (21.4) | 15 (17.4) | 0.628 | 2 (22.2) | 5 (33.3) | 0.604 |
| HIV infection | 0 (0) | 8 (9.3) | 0.303 | 0 | 2 (13.3) | 0.280 |
| Smoker | 3 (21.4) | 21 (24.4) | 0.908 | 2 (22.2) | 3 (20.0) | 0.782 |
| Alcoholism |
2 (14.2) |
6 (6.9) |
0.293 |
1 (11.1) |
1 (6.66) |
0.674 |
| Hospital admission | 12 (85.7) | 21 (24.4) | 0.000 | 9 (100) | 11 (73.3) | 0.090 |
| ICU admission |
2 (14.3) |
2 (2.3) |
0.034 |
2 (22.2) |
1 (6.7) |
0.265 |
| Pneumonia | 9 (64.3) | 15 (17.4) | 0.000 | 9 (100) | 15 (100) | NA |
| Pneumococcal bacteremia |
2 (14.2) |
NA |
NA |
1 (11.1) |
0 |
0.303 |
| Oliguria/anuria | 0 (0) | 1 (1.1) | 0.694 | 0 | 0 | NA |
| O2 saturation <94% | 3 (21.4) | 12 (13.9) | 0.403 | 2 (22.2) | 7 (46.7) | 0.311 |
| Axillary temperature, °C | 38.1 (37.5–38.9) | 36.8 (36.4–37.8) | 0.009 | 37.7 (37.5–38.8) | 36.5 (35.9–37.8) | 0.679 |
| O2 saturation, % |
95 (85.2–95.5) |
96.3 (94–98) |
0.006 |
93 (72–95) |
93 (78–110) |
0.308 |
| CURB-65 score | 0 (0–2) | 0 (0–1) | 0.201 | 2 (0–2.5) | 0 (0–1) | 0.156 |
| Confusion | 4 (28.6) | 1 (1.2) | 0.000 | 4 (44.4) | 0 | 0.005 |
| BUN level >20 mg/dL | 2 (14.3) | 4 (4.7) | 0.628 | 2 (22.2) | 4 (26.7) | 0.808 |
| Respiratory rate >30 breaths/min | 3 (21.4) | 3 (3.5) | 0.009 | 3 (33.3) | 1 (6.7) | 0.090 |
| BP <90/60 mm Hg | 2 (14.3) | 2 (2.3) | 0.034 | 2 (22.2) | 2 (13.3) | 0.572 |
| Age >65 y | 2 (14.3) | 4 (4.7) | 0.159 | 2 (22.2) | 1 (6.7) | 0.265 |
| CURB-65 score >1 | 9 (64.3) | 62 (72.1) | 0.550 | 5 (55.5) | 7 (46.7) | 0.673 |
| CURB-65 score >2 |
5 (35.7) |
3 (3.5) |
0.000 |
5 (55.5) |
1 (6.7) |
0.007 |
| C-reactive protein, mg/L | 190.7 (74.0–190.7) | 26.6 (11.80–79.35) | 0.000 | 255 (134–320) | 89 (60–162) | 0.008 |
| Procalcitonin, ng/mL§ |
1.25 (0.12–26.00),
n = 6 |
0.5 (0.1–0.5),
n = 19 |
0.198 |
13.5 (0.59–27.70),
n = 4 |
0.5 (0.08–6.03),
n = 3 |
0.289 |
| Death | 0 | 0 | NA | 0 | 0 | NA |
*All values are number (%) for categorical variables and median (interquartile range) for continuous variables. NA, not applicable; ICU, intensive care unit; CURB-65, confusion of new onset, urea greater than 7 mmol/L (blood urea nitrogen [BUN] >19), respiratory rate >30 breaths/min, systolic blood pressure (BP) <90 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure <60 mm Hg, age >65 (10).
†The χ2 or Fisher exact test was used for categorical variables and the Mann-Whitney test for continuous variables.
‡Asthma, chronic lung disease, heart disease, neurologic and neurodevelopmental conditions, blood disorders, endocrine disorders (such as diabetes mellitus), kidney disorders, liver disorders, metabolic disorders, weakened immune system, people <19 y of age who are receiving long-term aspirin therapy, people who are morbidly obese (body mass index >40).
§Measured in patients with signs of sepsis; n values as shown.
