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Volume 18, Number 4—April 2012
Letter

Deficient Reporting in Avian Influenza Surveillance, Mali

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To the Editor: In response to influenza outbreaks caused by highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) throughout western Africa as of 2006, the National Veterinary Epidemiologic Surveillance Network of Mali (EPIVET-Mali) started conducting domestic and wild bird surveillance. No HPAI outbreaks were reported to the World Organisation for Animal Health. An evaluation survey conducted in 2009 enabled identification and correction of some weaknesses in the organization and functioning of the network (1). However, no attempt was made to assess how much information on bird health in backyard poultry farms (which account for ≈95% of the total poultry population in Mali) actually reached EPIVET-Mali veterinarians and technicians. Therefore, we quantified reporting of clinical signs of avian diseases, especially those suggesting HPAI, by poultry owners in Mali.

We used a pilot-tested standardized quantitative and qualitative questionnaire to conduct face-to-face interviews in 32 randomly selected villages in the southern half of Mali (which accounts for 98% of the poultry population). In each village, we conducted interviews in 4 randomly chosen households. No eligibility criteria were used for household selection because all village households had poultry. Interviews were repeated 6 times (approximately every 3 months) during November 2009–February 2011 in the same villages and whenever possible in the same households. If it was not possible to repeat an interview in a previously interviewed household (absence of the household chief), the neighboring household was interviewed.

For each household, data were collected on number of sick and dead birds in the previous 3 months, clinical signs observed, and their notification or lack thereof to veterinary authorities. Households in which birds showed >3 of the following clinical signs (diarrhea, respiratory disorder, nervous signs, cyanosis of the combs or wattles, and mortality rate >50%) were considered as having clinical signs suggesting HPAI. The study was approved by the Direction Nationale des Services Vétérinaires and traditional authorities in all 32 villages, and oral consent was obtained from the poultry owners before interviews.

A total of 110–128 households were investigated at each study interval, depending on village accessibility and presence or absence of household chiefs (Table). We conducted 738 household investigations in 152 households (80 households were interviewed 6 times, 26 five times, 11 four times, 21 three times, 7 two times, and 7 one time). Observation of sick poultry in the 3 months before the interview was reported in 44.6% of household investigations, and observation of signs suggesting HPAI was reported in 12.2% (Table). Notification of veterinary authorities was reported in 13.5% of household investigations with sick poultry and in 17.4% of household investigations with signs suggesting HPAI (Table).

When we considered the 80 households interviewed 6 times, observation of sick poultry and signs suggesting HPAI varied over time (p = 0.043 and p = 0.018, respectively, by Cochran Q test), whereas variation over time could not be tested for notification because of an insufficient number of observations. When we considered all 738 household investigations as independent investigations, observation of sick poultry and signs suggesting HPAI varied over time (p = 0.008 and p<0.001, respectively, by χ2 test), but reporting of sick poultry did not vary over time (p = 0.06, by χ2 test). Reporting of signs of HPAI could not be tested.

These results illustrate gaps in reporting signs suggesting HPAI by backyard poultry owners. Although these signs could also be those of Newcastle disease, which is present in Mali (2), these signs should be reported because HPAI and Newcastle disease are officially targeted by EPIVET-Mali. One survey attempted to similarly quantify the level of HPAI reporting in Africa. In Kwara State in Nigeria, 56.5% of respondents indicated that they would not notify officials if they suspected HPAI in their flocks (3). Reluctance of poultry owners to comply with notification and culling obligations has also been reported in Indonesia (4). Several studies that assessed knowledge and practices of poultry workers with regard to avian influenza have been conducted in different countries, including developing countries (5,6). These studies were useful for better defining content of risk mitigation advice messages and the audience they should primarily target.

In our survey, occurrence of disease in Mali varied over time, which was expected because of the seasonal pattern of many avian diseases, especially Newcastle disease, in western Africa (7). However, reporting of sick poultry did not vary over time despite seasonality of activities in rural areas. Lack of awareness of who to report to, fatalistic attitudes toward animal diseases, and mistrust toward the government and its compensation schemes are among the major constraints affecting the likelihood of HPAI signs being reported (3,6,8). However, approaches associating socioanthropology and epidemiology have recently been developed to help solve the problem posed by deficient reporting (9).

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Acknowledgments

We thank Abass Diarra, Kadiatou Diarra Sissoko, Souleymane Magassa, Idrissa Traoré, and Issa Traoré for participating in field investigations; the Laboratoire Central Vétérinaire and the Direction Nationale des Services Vétérinaires for facilitating the survey; and all poultry farmers for participating in the study.

This study was supported by the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs through the Ecology and Epidemiology of Avian Influenza and Newcastle Diseases in Developing Countries Project.

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Sophie MoliaComments to Author , Badian Kamissoko, Maimouna Sanogo Sidibé, Adama Diakité, Mahmoudou Diall, and Mamadou Racine N’Diaye
Author affiliations: Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Montpellier, France (S. Molia); Laboratoire Central Vétérinaire, Bamako, Mali (B. Kamissoko, A. Diakité); Direction Nationale des Services Vétérinaires, Bamako (M.S. Sidibé); Pan African Programme for the Control of Epizootics–Mali, Bamako (M. Diall, M.R. N’Diaye)

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References

  1. Molia  S, Lapeyre  S, Sidibé  MS, Sissoko  K, N’Diaye  MR, Diall  M, Semi-quantitative evaluation of the epidemiosurveillance network for highly pathogenic avian influenza in Mali [in French]. Epidémiologie et Santé Animale. 2010;57:91103.
  2. Servan de Almeida  R, Maminiaina  OF, Gil  P, Hammoumi  S, Molia  S, Chevalier  V, Africa, a reservoir of new virulent strains of Newcastle disease virus? Vaccine. 2009;27:31279. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. Musa  OI, Aderibigbe  SA, Salaudeen  GA, Oluwole  FA, Samuel  SO. Community awareness of bird flu and the practice of backyard poultry in a north-central state of Nigeria. J Prev Med Hyg. 2010;51:14651.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  4. Pawitan  JA. Averting avian influenza pandemic: SOS from a developing country. Lancet Infect Dis. 2006;6:7567. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  5. Barennes  H, Martinez-Aussel  B, Vongphrachanh  P, Strobe  M. Avian influenza risk perceptions, Laos. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13:11268.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  6. Fasina  FO, Bisschop  SP, Ibironke  AA, Meseko  CA. Avian influenza risk perception among poultry workers, Nigeria. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15:6167. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  7. Awan  MA, Otte  MJ, James  AD. The epidemiology of Newcastle disease in rural poultry: a review. Avian Pathol. 1994;23:40523. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. Kanamori  S, Jimba  M. Compensation for avian influenza cleanup. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13:3412. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  9. Desvaux  S, Figuié  M. Formal and informal surveillance systems: how to build bridges? [in French]. Epidémiologie et Santé Animale. 2011;59–60:3525.

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Cite This Article

DOI: 10.3201/eid1804.111102

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Comments

Please use the form below to submit correspondence to the authors or contact them at the following address:

Sophie Molia, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Unité Propre de Recherche Animal et Gestion Intégrée des Risques, Campus International de Baillarguet, TA C-22/E, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France

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Page created: March 16, 2012
Page updated: March 16, 2012
Page reviewed: March 16, 2012
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
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