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Volume 18, Number 5—May 2012
Letter

Possible Nosocomial Transmission of Pneumocystis jirovecii

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To the Editor: Diversity of genotypes among Pneumocystis jirovecii (human-specific Pneumocystis species) isolates mainly involves internal transcribed spacer (ITS) loci (1). Type Eg, one of the most frequently detected ITS genotypes, has been found worldwide (2). The locus of dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS) is also of interest because DHPS is the target of sulfonamides, the main drugs used to treat Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP). Studies of the DHPS locus have found mutations at positions 165 and 171, which confer potentially lower sensitivity to sulfonamides to mutant P. jirovecii organisms (3).

Airborne transmission of Pneumocystis ssp. has been demonstrated among animals and probably occurs among humans (4). Reports of clusters of PCP cases in hospitals (4,5) provide a rationale for considering the possibility of nosocomial P. jirovecii infections. Moreover, we recently quantified P. jirovecii in the air surrounding patients with PCP (6). Our findings suggested that the fungus is exhaled from infected patients and then spreads into their surrounding air.

Because matches of P. jirovecii genotypes between pulmonary and air samples would strengthen these findings, we conducted DHPS and ITS typing of P. jirovecii isolates from PCP patients and from the air in their close environment. We assayed P. jirovecii DNA that we had previously detected in pulmonary samples (bronchoalveolar lavage and induced sputum) from 15 PCP patients and in 15 air samples collected 1 meter from each patient’s head (6).

ITS genotyping was based on sequence analysis of ITS 1 and 2 regions after amplification with a nested PCR, cloning, and sequencing, as described (7). ITS alleles were identified by using the typing system by Lee et al. (2). DHPS genotyping was based on a PCR restriction fragment-length polymorphism assay that enables detection of mutations at positions 165 and 171, as described (8).

Among the 15 pulmonary samples, ITS genotyping was successful for all 15; among these, 8 ITS genotypes were identified (Table). Type Eg was most frequently identified. Mixed infections, which correspond to detection of >1 genotype in a given sample, were detected in 5 samples. DHPS genotyping was successful for all 15 pulmonary samples. A wild genotype was identified in 9 samples, a 165 mutant genotype in 1 sample, and a 171 mutant genotype in 2 samples. Mixed infections were identified in the 3 remaining samples.

Among the 15 room air samples, ITS genotyping was successful for 7; among these, 4 ITS genotypes were identified (Table). Type Eg was again most frequently identified. A mixed infection was detected in 1 of the 7 samples. These results enabled us to compare ITS genotypes for 7 pairs of pulmonary and air samples. A full match was found for 4 (57.1%) pairs of samples, and a partial match, defined as at least 1 common genotype for pulmonary and air samples in mixed infections, was found for 2 (28.6%) pairs. No matches were found for the remaining pair of samples. DHPS genotyping was successful for 6 of the 15 air samples. A wild genotype was identified in 4 samples, a 165 mutant genotype was identified in 1 sample, and a 171 mutant genotype was identified in 1 sample. These results enabled us to compare DHPS genotypes for 6 pairs of samples. A full match was found for these 6 pairs. DHPS and ITS genotype matches were found for 4 pairs.

Several lines of evidence suggest that P. jirovecii is exhaled by infected patients and transmitted by the airborne route to susceptible persons (4). In the study reported here, ITS or DHPS genotype matches between pairs of pulmonary and air samples are consistent with the possibility that P. jirovecii organisms in the air originated from patients. DHPS mutants were detected in 6 (40%) of the 15 pulmonary samples; none of the15 patients had received sulfonamide treatment at the time of PCP diagnosis. These results were not unexpected because frequency of finding DHPS mutants in PCP patients in Paris who had no prior sulfonamide treatment is high (8). The exhalation of DHPS mutants from infected patients can spread potentially sulfonamide-resistant organisms.

Matches of P. jirovecii genotypes in pairs of pulmonary and room air samples argue in favor of P. jirovecii exhalation by infected patients. The exhalation of P. jirovecii organisms emphasizes the risk for their nosocomial transmission. Our data provide additional arguments in favor of the application of measures to prevent the airborne transmission of P. jirovecii in hospitals.

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Acknowledgment

This study was supported by the Agence Française de la Sécurité Sanitaire de l’Environnement et du Travail (grant no. EST/2006/1/41).

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Céline Damiani, Firas Choukri, Solène Le Gal, Jean Menotti, Claudine Sarfati, Gilles Nevez, Francis Derouin, and Anne TotetComments to Author 
Author affiliations: Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d’Amiens, Amiens, France (C. Damiani, A. Totet); Université de Picardie-Jules Verne, Amiens (C. Damiani, A. Totet); Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France (F. Choukri, J. Menotti, C. Sarfati, F. Derouin); Université Paris Diderot, Paris (F. Choukri, J. Menotti, C. Sarfati, F. Derouin); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Brest, Brest, France (S. Le Gal, G. Nevez); Université de Brest, Brest (S. Le Gal, G. Nevez)

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References

  1. Beard  CB, Roux  P, Nevez  G, Hauser  PM, Kovacs  JA, Unnasch  TR, Strain typing methods and molecular epidemiology of Pneumocystis pneumonia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10:172935.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  2. Lee  CH, Helweg-Larsen  J, Tang  X, Jin  S, Li  B, Bartlett  MS, Update on Pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis typing based on nucleotide sequence variations in internal transcribed spacer regions of rRNA genes. J Clin Microbiol. 1998;36:73441.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. Iliades  P, Meshnick  SR, Macreadie  IG. Mutations in the Pneumocystis jirovecii DHPS gene confer cross-resistance to sulfa drugs. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005;49:7418. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  4. Nevez  G, Chabe  M, Rabodonirina  M, Virmaux  M, Dei-Cas  E, Hauser  PM, Nosocomial Pneumocystis jirovecii infections. Parasite. 2008;15:35965.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  5. de Boer  MG, de Fijter  JW, Kroon  FP. Outbreaks and clustering of Pneumocystis pneumonia in kidney transplant recipients: a systematic review. Med Mycol. 2011;49:67380.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  6. Choukri  F, Menotti  J, Sarfati  C, Lucet  JC, Nevez  G, Garin  YJ, Quantification and spread of Pneumocystis jirovecii in the surrounding air of patients with Pneumocystis pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;51:25965. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  7. Totet  A, Pautard  JC, Raccurt  C, Roux  P, Nevez  G. Genotypes at the internal transcribed spacers of the nuclear rRNA operon of Pneumocystis jiroveci in nonimmunosuppressed infants without severe pneumonia. J Clin Microbiol. 2003;41:117380. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. Totet  A, Latouche  S, Lacube  P, Pautard  JC, Jounieaux  V, Raccurt  C, Pneumocystis jirovecii dihydropteroate synthase genotypes in immunocompetent infants and immunosuppressed adults, Amiens, France. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10:66773.PubMedGoogle Scholar

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Cite This Article

DOI: 10.3201/eid1805.111432

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Table of Contents – Volume 18, Number 5—May 2012

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Please use the form below to submit correspondence to the authors or contact them at the following address:

Anne Totet, Service de Parasitologie et Mycologie Médicales CHU, Centre Hospitalier Sud, 1 Ave René Laennec, 80054 Amiens, France

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Page created: April 06, 2012
Page updated: April 06, 2012
Page reviewed: April 06, 2012
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