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Volume 22, Number 2—February 2016
Research

Association between Landscape Factors and Spatial Patterns of Plasmodium knowlesi Infections in Sabah, Malaysia

Kimberly M. FornaceComments to Author , Tommy Rowel Abidin, Neal Alexander, Paddy Brock, Matthew J. Grigg, Amanda Murphy, Timothy William, Jayaram Menon, Chris J. Drakeley, and Jonathan Cox
Author affiliations: London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK (K.M. Fornace, N. Alexander, C.J. Drakeley, J. Cox); Infectious Diseases Society, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia (T.R. Abidin, M.J. Grigg, T. William); Menzies School of Health Research, Kota Kinabalu (T.R. Abidin, M.J. Grigg, T. William); University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK (P. Brock); Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (M.J. Grigg, A. Murphy); Jesselton Medical Centre, Kota Kinabalu (T. William); Sabah Department of Health, Kota Kinabalu (T. William, J. Menon)

Main Article

Table 2

Land use characteristics and bivariable statistics in Plasmodium knowlesi study, Sabah, Malaysia, 2008–2012*

Variable Bivariable analysis
IRR (95% CI) p value
% Forest remaining
≤1 km radius
<65 Reference 0.59
≥65 1.08 (0.82–1.43)
≤2 km radius
<65 Reference 0.06
≥65 1.30 (0.99–1.71)
≤5 km radius
<65 Reference 0.77
≥65
1.05 (0.78–1.40)
% Forest lost in current year†
≤1 km radius
<1 Reference 0.11
1–2 0.94 (0.74–1.19)
>2 1.22 (0.99–1.51)
≤2 km radius
<1 Reference 0.001
1–2
>2 1.36 (1.09–1.71)
≤5 km radius
<1 Reference 0.01
1–2 0.97 (0.75–1.27)
>2
1.57 (1.19–2.06)
% Forest lost in past 5 years‡
≤1 km radius
<8 Reference 0.60
8–14 1.01 (0.76–1.33)
>14 1.14 (0.85–1.53)
≤2 km radius
<8 Reference <0.001
8–14 1.66 (1.25–2.20)
>14 2.03 (1.46–2.80)
≤5 km radius
<8 Reference 0.32
8–14 0.93 (0.69–1.25)
>14
1.13 (0.81–1.58)
Mean elevation per 10 m above sea level
≤1 km radius 0.99 (0.97–1.00) 0.12
≤2 km radius 0.98 (0.97–1.00) 0.06
≤5 km radius
0.97 (0.96–0.99)
0.01
Travel time to clinic, min 1.00 (0.99–1.00) 0.001

*Radius is calculated as distance from village center. IRR, incident rate ratio.
†Current year is the year for which incidence was calculated.
‡Five years before the specific year of reported incidence.

Main Article

Page created: January 13, 2016
Page updated: January 13, 2016
Page reviewed: January 13, 2016
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
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