Volume 5, Number 5—October 1999
Synopsis
West Nile Fever–a Reemerging Mosquito-Borne Viral Disease in Europe
Zdenek Hubálek
and Jirí Halouzka
and Jirí HalouzkaTable 2
West Nile Virus in Europe, 1960-1998
| Country | Year | Species infected | HIa (%) | Neutralization (%) | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Portugal, southern | 1967-1970 | Cattle, sheep | 15 | 26, 35 | |
| Horses | 29 | ||||
| Humans mosquitoes (1 isolate) | 3 | ||||
| Wild birds | 5 | ||||
| Spain, northern | 1979 | Rodents | 3 | ||
| Northwestern | 1960s | Humans | 17 | 17 | 26 |
| Doñana National Park | Humans | + | |||
| Ebro Delta | 1979 | Epidemic of influenza-like illness | 8-30 | ||
| France, southern | 1962 | Humans, 10 severe cases (2 isolates) | 19 | 25,32,46 | |
| Horses, 50 encephalomyelitis cases (1 isolate) | 9 | 30 | |||
| Camargue | 1962-1965 | Mosquitoes (2 isolates) | |||
| Wild birds | 6 | ||||
| 1975-1980 | Humans | 5 | |||
| Horses | 2 | ||||
| Corsica | 1965 | Humans | 30 | 55 | |
| Italy, Tuscany | 1998 | Horses, 14 cases, 2 fatal (1 isolate) | 40 | 47 | |
| Northeastern | 1965-1969 | Migrating birds | 10 | ||
| Humans | 5 | b | |||
| Northwestern | Humans | 23 | |||
| Central | Humans | 2-8 | |||
| Domestic mammals | 8 | ||||
| Rodents | 8 | ||||
| Chickens | 20 | ||||
| Southern | Humans | 2-5 | |||
| Goats | 2-13 | ||||
| 1981 | Rodents | 1 | |||
| Former Yugoslavia | |||||
| Serbia | Humans | 1-8 | 48 | ||
| Croatia | Humans | 1-3 | |||
| Montenegro | Humans | 1 | |||
| Bosnia, Kosovo | Humans | 1 | |||
| Albania | 1958 | Humans | 2 | 31,49 | |
| Domestic animals | |||||
| Greece | 1970-1978 | Humans | 1-27 | 1 | 50,51 |
| Domestic animals | 7 | ||||
| Rabbits | 4 | ||||
| Birds | 22 | ||||
| Bulgaria | 1960-1970 | Humans | 3 | 52,53 | |
| Eastern | Wetland birds | 2 | 10 | ||
| Domestic animals | 1 | ||||
| 1978 | Mosquitoes (virus detected) | ||||
| Romania | 1-3,42,54,55 | ||||
| Bucharest, SE lowlands | 1996 | Humans, 453 clin. cases, 9% fatality rate (1 isolate) 17 | |||
| 1997 | Human, 14 cases, 2 fatal | ||||
| Domestic & wild mammals | 2-23 | c | |||
| Dogs | 45 | ||||
| Wild birds | 22 | ||||
| 1966-70 | Mosquitoes (1 isolate) | ||||
| Banat (SW) | Humans (cases) | 17 | |||
| Southern | 1980-1995 | Humans | 2-12 | ||
| Hungary | 1970s | Rodents (2 isolates) | 39,56 | ||
| Cattle | 4-9 | ||||
| Humans | 4-6 | ||||
| Slovakia | 1972 | Mosquitoes (1 isolate) | 16, 36, 57-60 | ||
| 1970-1973 | Migrating birds (4 isolates) | 1-13 | |||
| Game animals | 1-8 | ||||
| Cattle, dogs | 8 | ||||
| Sheep | 1 | ||||
| Pigeons | 5 | ||||
| Humans | 1-4 | ||||
| Austria | 1964-1977 | Wetland passerines | 1-3 | 61,62 | |
| ReptilesWild mammals | |||||
| Domestic animals | 7-33 | ||||
| Humans | 1-6 | ||||
| Czechland | 1978 | Domestic animals | 2 | 40,45,63-67 | |
| Southern Bohemia | 1978 | Hares | 5 | ||
| Southern Moravia | 1980s | Game animals | 8 | ||
| 1985 | Wetland birds | 4-10 | |||
| 1990 | Cormorants | 10 | |||
| 1997 | Mosquitoes (1 isolate) | ||||
| Humans (5 cases) | 2 | ||||
| Poland, near Warsaw | 1996 | Sparrows | 3-12 | 68 | |
| Belarus | 1977 | Humans (cases in Brest area) | 1 | 43 | |
| 1972-1973 | Wild birds | 3 | |||
| Ukraine | 38,44,69 | ||||
| Southern, western | Birds (7 isolates), mosquitoes (3 isolates) | ||||
| Southern | 1970s | Human cases (4 isolates) | |||
| Western | 1985 | Humans, 38 cases, encephalitis in 16 | |||
| Moldavia | 1970s | Ticks, mosquitoes (several isolates) | 37, 70 | ||
| Humans | 3 | ||||
| Russia, | 33,34,41,55 | ||||
| Volga Delta | 1963-1968 | Humans (>10 cases, 3 isolates) | 7-31 | ||
| Ticks (4 isolates) | |||||
| Water birds (2 isolates) | 4-59 | 2-11 | |||
| Mosquitoes (2 isolates) | |||||
aHemagglutination inhibition.
bQ. Ferrari, R. Lelli, pers. comm.
c C. Ceianu, pers. comm.
