Volume 6, Number 6—December 2000
Research
Risk Factors for Otitis Media and Carriage of Multiple Strains of Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae
Jennifer St. Sauver*, Carl F. Marrs*, Betsy Foxman*, Patricia Somsel†, Robbie Madera*, and Janet R. Gilsdorf*
Table 3
Univariate logistic regression odds ratios and 95% confidence intervalsa predicting carriage of two or more genetically distinct Haemophilus influenzae or Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates during a sampling period.
| Risk Factor | Carriage of two or more H. influenzae genetic types (n=55) OR (95% CI) | Carriage of two or more S. pneumoniae genetic types (n=6) OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|
| Male | 1.11 (0.49-2.53) | 0.63 (0.07-5.68) |
| Race (nonwhite) | 0.93 (0.39-2.19) | 0.92 (0.16-5.47) |
| Age (23 months, referent) | ||
| 24-35 months | 0.41 (0.11-1.55) | -- |
| 36-47 months | 2.49 (0.92-6.74) | -- |
| >48 months | 1.43 (0.43-4.78) | -- |
| Allergies | 2.26 (0.87-5.87) | 1.37 (0.20-9.56) |
| Exposure to smoking | 3.73 (1.42-9.82) | -- |
| Pacifier use | 0.23 (0.07-0.79) | 3.01 (0.29-31.55) |
| Otitis prone (having more than 3 infections/year) | 0.39 (0.15-1.02) | 1.64 (0.22-12.44) |
| Presence of tubes | 0.96 (0.26-3.49) | 1.14 (0.11-11.80) |
| Having siblings | 1.42 (0.60-3.39) | 0.96 (0.10-9.38) |
| High parental education level (>4 years of college) | 1.42 (0.60-3.39) | 1.21 (0.16-9.24) |
| Parental income (<$10,000-40,000 baseline) | ||
| $41,000-$80,000/year | 1.50 (0.39-5.72) | 1.51 (0.14-16.00) |
| $81,000->$100,000/year | 1.01 (0.26-3.89) | 0.43 (0.03-6.07) |
| Day care site 1 | 1.06 (0.46-2.43) | 2.26 (0.36-14.01) |
| Antibiotic use | 0.25 (0.32-1.57) | |
| Respiratory illness | 0.71 (0.32-1.57) | 0.72 (0.11-4.56) |
| Otitis media episode | 0.46 (0.11-1.84) | -- |
a Logistic regressions performed with the generalized estimating equations (GEE) SAS macro to control for correlation between multiple samples taken from the same child.
