Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link
Volume 9, Number 12—December 2003
Letter

Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis, Japan

On This Page
Article Metrics
8
citations of this article
EID Journal Metrics on Scopus

Cite This Article

To the Editor: Nontyphoidal salmonellae are the important causative agents of foodborne diseases in Japan and other industrialized countries. Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis has risen to the leading cause of infection among Salmonella spp. since 1989 (1). Emergence of drug-resistant S. Enteritidis has been rarely reported while S. Typhimurium, another serovar of major public health concerns, has been reported to acquire multidrug resistance such as DT104 resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfonamide, and tetracycline (R-ACSSuT) (2).

We previously reported outbreaks caused by strains resistant to ampicillin and streptomycin (resistance type R-AS, herein); the strains’ reactions against the phages used in bacteriophage typing did not conform to any known reaction patterns (phage type [PT] RDNC-a, herein, with the following reactions: (-) for 3, 5–7, 11–13, 15, and 16 phages; (+++) for #2 phage; opaque lysis [OL] for #4 and #9 phages; <OL for #10 phage; and ambiguous reactions (-/+++) were observed for 1, 8, and 14 phages) (3). To investigate the characters of the R-AS strains more extensively, we surveyed isolates from outbreaks that occurred from 1997 to 2002 for antimicrobial drug susceptibility and bacteriophage typing.

S. Enteritidis strains from 899 outbreaks that occurred from 1997 to 2002 were tested. Bacteriophage typing was done according to the Public Health Laboratory Service (PHLS), London, United Kingdom guidelines (4). Antimicrobial drug susceptibility testing was done with a disc diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton II agar (Becton Dickinson Microbiology Systems, Cockeysville, MD) as previously described (5). Antimicrobial drugs used in this study were ampicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline, kanamycin, nalidixic acid, gentamycin, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, trimethoprim, chloramphenicol, cefotaxim, and ciprofloxacin.

Dominant phage types were PT4 (36.9%) and PT1 (26.9%). They have been dominant among outbreak-related strains since 1992 (1). Other types were also identified at certain frequencies. For example, RDNC-a, PT47, PT6, PT6a, and PT21 accounted for 4.4%, 5.3%, 4.0%, 3.2%, and 2.0% of the phage types, respectively.

Strains sensitive to all the antimicrobial drugs tested were the most predominant (55.1%), followed by those resistant to only streptomycin (34.8%). R-AS was the third most predominant, accounting for 4.1%. A correlation existed between drug resistance and phage types in that all the R-AS strains (n = 37) showed RDNC-a in bacteriophage typing, and all the RDNC-a strains (n = 40) were resistant to at least ampicillin including two R-A and one R-AST strains.

Since previous studies described the correlation between drug resistance and phage types as a result of acquisition of an R-plasmid (6), we focused on the relationship between RDNC-a and ampicillin resistance. Plasmid profiles analysis of the RDNC-a strains showed that all but one (R-AST) had at least two kinds of plasmids, and all but one were approximately 50 kb and 60 kb in size. The last could be the so-called serovar-specific plasmid (7). Southern blot analysis by using the ampicillin resistance gene of pBluescript KS (+) (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA) as a probe indicated that a resistance gene was carried on the 50-kb plasmid. Furthermore, when Escherichia coli DH10B cells (Invitrogen Corporation, Carlsbad, CA) were transformed with plasmids isolated from an RDNC-a R-AS strain and plated onto Luria broth plates containing 100 mg/L of ampicillin, the 50-kb, but not 60-kb, plasmid could be isolated from the ampicillin-resistant transformants. And the 50-kb plasmid from the transformants was hybridized to the probe for ampicillin resistance described above. Thus, the 50-kb plasmid of RDNC-a R-A or -AS strains was suggested to be an R-plasmid responsible for ampicillin resistance.

A representative 50-kb plasmid (p981123) was prepared from the DH10B transformant cells described earlier for further characterization. Southern blot analysis suggested that a 6-kb EcoRI fragment contained the resistance determinant. Sequences for the fragment were analyzed done by using ABI PRISM 310 sequencer and BigDye Terminator Cycle Sequencing Ready Reaction Kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). The resulting sequence showed high similarities to Pseudomonas aeruginosa Tn801 (accession no. AF080442; 98% identical) and E. coli Tn3 (accession no. ISTN3X; 96% identical), comprising one of Tn3-like inverted repeats and putative coding regions for transposase, resolvase (also called repressor), and ampicillin resistance. The resistance gene encodes a TEM-1 type β-lactamase. (The sequence has been registered to DDBJ/GenBank/EMBL with accession no. AB103092.)

Conjugative transferability of p981123 between S. Enteritidis strains was examined by using the parental S. Enteritidis RDNC-a R-AS strain as a donor, and three independent S. Enteritidis strains (PT1; PT4; and PT21) resistant to nalidixic acid (R-N) as recipients. p981123 was transferable between S. Enteritidis strains at frequencies of 10-5 to 10-4, and the resulting R-AN transconjugant showed the same lytic pattern of the typing phages as RDNC-a. Thus, transfer of p981123 could convert the phage types at least from PT1, PT4, and PT21 to RDNC-a. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was done by using XbaI or BlnI as well, and RDNC-a strains showed a variety of PFGE profiles. These results suggest emergence and prevalence of the 50-kb R-plasmid converting phage types to RDNC-a in S. Enteritidis in Japan.

Previous studies reported correlation between R-plasmids and phage types of S. Enteritidis, where, for example, a 34-MDa R-plasmid of incompatibility group N (IncN) (8) and a 36-MDa R-plasmid of IncX (pDEP57) (6) were described. Both kinds of plasmids encoded ampicillin resistance as well as that in this study, but both were identified in PT6a isolates. Preliminary sequence data of the region of p981123 essential for replication indicated a gene coding for a protein similar to protein p1 of R6K (IncX) plasmid (9), which suggests that p981123 may be related to pDEP57. However, the reactions to the typing phages in RDNC-a strains were different from those in PT6a. Therefore, the R-plasmid in this study seems to have different features from previous ones. In addition, S. Enteritidis PT6d resistant to ampicillin was recently reported (10). Relationship between RDNC-a in this study and PT6d is unknown, and further investigations will be needed.

Transfer of an R-plasmid is a common way for bacteria to acquire drug resistance, and it often affects other aspects such as sensitivity of bacteriophages, as described in this study. Molecular based surveillance for drug resistance in S. Enteritidis needs to continue.

Top

Acknowledgments

We thank all the municipal and prefectural public health institutes for providing us with Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis isolates. We also thank Public Health Laboratory Service, United Kingdom, for kindly providing the typing phages and the scheme.

This work was partly supported by grants from Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, and Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan.

Top

Hidemasa Izumiya*, Naomi Nojiri*, Yoshiko Hashiwata†, Kazumichi Tamura*, Jun Terajima*, and Haruo Watanabe*Comments to Author 
Author affiliations: *National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo; †Hiroshima City Institute of Public Health, Hiroshima, Japan

Top

References

  1. National Institute of Infectious Diseases. Salmonellosis in Japan as of June 2000. Infectious Agents Surveillance Report, vol. 24;2003:162.Available from: URL: http://idsc.nih.go.jp/iasr-ge1.html
  2. Threlfall  EJ. Epidemic Salmonella Typhimurium DT 104-a truly international multiresistant clone. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2000;46:710. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. Matsune  W, Ishikawa  K, Hayashi  KI, Tsuji  M, Izumiya  H, Watanabe  H. Molecular analysis of Salmonella Enteritidis isolates resistance to ampicillin and streptomycin from three outbreaks of food poisoning in Shiga prefecture. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2001;54:1113.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  4. Ward  LR, de Sa  JD, Rowe  B. A phage-typing scheme for Salmonella enteritidis. Epidemiol Infect. 1987;99:2914. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  5. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Performance standards for antimicrobial disk susceptibility tests; approved standard-7th ed. NCCLS document M2-A7, Wayne (PA): The Committee; 2000.
  6. Ridley  AM, Punia  P, Ward  LR, Rowe  B, Threlfall  EJ. Plasmid characterization and pulsed-field electrophoretic analysis demonstrate that ampicillin-resistant strains of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 6a are derived from Salm. enteritidis phage type 4. J Appl Bacteriol. 1996;81:6138.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  7. Helmuth  R, Stephan  R, Bunge  C, Hoog  B, Steinbeck  A, Bulling  E. Epidemiology of virulence-associated plasmids and outer membrane protein patterns within seven common Salmonella serotypes. Infect Immun. 1985;48:17582.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. Vatopoulos  AC, Mainas  E, Balis  E, Threlfall  EJ, Kanelopoulou  M, Kalapothalki  V, Molecular epidemiology of ampicillin-resistant clinical isolates of Salmonella enteritidis. J Clin Microbiol. 1994;32:13225.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  9. Kelley  WL, Bastia  D. Conformational changes induced by integration host factor at origin gamma of R6K and copy number control. J Biol Chem. 1991;266:1592437.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  10. Eurosurveillance. Upsurge in Salmonella Enteritidis outbreaks in England and Wales, September to November 2002. Eurosurveillance Weekly, vol. 6; 2002. Available from: URL: http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ew/2002/021205.asp

Top

Cite This Article

DOI: 10.3201/eid0912.030172

Related Links

Top

Table of Contents – Volume 9, Number 12—December 2003

EID Search Options
presentation_01 Advanced Article Search – Search articles by author and/or keyword.
presentation_01 Articles by Country Search – Search articles by the topic country.
presentation_01 Article Type Search – Search articles by article type and issue.

Top

Comments

Please use the form below to submit correspondence to the authors or contact them at the following address:

Haruo Watanabe, Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; fax: +81-3-5285-1171

Send To

10000 character(s) remaining.

Top

Page created: February 08, 2011
Page updated: February 08, 2011
Page reviewed: February 08, 2011
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
file_external