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Issue Cover for Volume 19, Number 1—January 2013

Volume 19, Number 1—January 2013

[PDF - 25.05 MB - 195 pages]

Synopses

Medscape CME Activity
Listeriosis Outbreaks and Associated Food Vehicles, United States, 1998–2008 [PDF - 1.08 MB - 10 pages]
E. J. Cartwright et al.

Listeria monocytogenes, a bacterial foodborne pathogen, can cause meningitis, bacteremia, and complications during pregnancy. This report summarizes listeriosis outbreaks reported to the Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention during 1998–2008. The study period includes the advent of PulseNet (a national molecular subtyping network for outbreak detection) in 1998 and the Listeria Initiative (enhanced surveillance for outbreak investigation) in 2004. Twenty-four confirmed listeriosis outbreaks were reported during 1998–2008, resulting in 359 illnesses, 215 hospitalizations, and 38 deaths. Outbreaks earlier in the study period were generally larger and longer. Serotype 4b caused the largest number of outbreaks and outbreak-associated cases. Ready-to-eat meats caused more early outbreaks, and novel vehicles (i.e., sprouts, taco/nacho salad) were associated with outbreaks later in the study period. These changes may reflect the effect of PulseNet and the Listeria Initiative and regulatory initiatives designed to prevent contamination in ready-to-eat meat and poultry products.

EID Cartwright EJ, Jackson KA, Johnson SD, Graves LM, Silk BJ, Mahon BE. Listeriosis Outbreaks and Associated Food Vehicles, United States, 1998–2008. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(1):1-9. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.120393
AMA Cartwright EJ, Jackson KA, Johnson SD, et al. Listeriosis Outbreaks and Associated Food Vehicles, United States, 1998–2008. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2013;19(1):1-9. doi:10.3201/eid1901.120393.
APA Cartwright, E. J., Jackson, K. A., Johnson, S. D., Graves, L. M., Silk, B. J., & Mahon, B. E. (2013). Listeriosis Outbreaks and Associated Food Vehicles, United States, 1998–2008. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 19(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.120393.
Research

Medscape CME Activity
Staphylococcal Infections in Children, California, USA, 1985–2009 [PDF - 136 KB - 3 pages]
K. Gutierrez et al.

We conducted a retrospective, observational, population-based study to investigate the effect of staphylococcal infections on the hospitalization of children in California during 1985–2009. Hospitalized children with staphylococcal infections were identified through the California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development discharge database. Infections were categorized as community onset, community onset health care–associated, or hospital onset. Infection incidence was calculated relative to all children and to those hospitalized in acute-care facilities. A total of 140,265 records were analyzed. Overall incidence increased from 49/100,000 population in 1985 to a peak of 83/100,000 in 2006 and dropped to 73/100,000 in 2009. Staphylococcal infections were associated with longer hospital stays and higher risk for death relative to all-cause hospitalizations of children. The number of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections increased, and the number of methicillin-susceptible S. aureus infections remained unchanged. Children <3 years of age, Blacks, and those without private insurance were at higher risk for hospitalization.

EID Gutierrez K, Halpern MS, Sarnquist C, Soni S, Arroyo A, Maldonado Y. Staphylococcal Infections in Children, California, USA, 1985–2009. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(1):10-20. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.111740
AMA Gutierrez K, Halpern MS, Sarnquist C, et al. Staphylococcal Infections in Children, California, USA, 1985–2009. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2013;19(1):10-20. doi:10.3201/eid1901.111740.
APA Gutierrez, K., Halpern, M. S., Sarnquist, C., Soni, S., Arroyo, A., & Maldonado, Y. (2013). Staphylococcal Infections in Children, California, USA, 1985–2009. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 19(1), 10-20. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.111740.

Medscape CME Activity
Pneumocystis jirovecii Genotype Associated with Increased Death Rate of HIV-infected Patients with Pneumonia [PDF - 869 KB - 9 pages]
M. Rabodonirina et al.

Pneumocystis jirovecii dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS) mutations have been associated with failure of sulfa prophylaxis; their effect on the outcome of patients with P. jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) remains controversial. P. jirovecii DHPS polymorphisms and genotypes were identified in 112 cases of PCP in 110 HIV-infected patients by using PCR single-strand conformation polymorphism. Of the 110 patients observed, 21 died; 18 of those deaths were attributed to PCP. Thirty-three percent of the PCP cases involved a P. jirovecii strain that had 1 or both DHPS mutations. The presence or absence of DHPS mutations had no effect on the PCP mortality rate within 1 month, whereas P.jirovecii type 7 and mechanical ventilation at PCP diagnosis were associated with an increased risk of death caused by PCP. Mechanical ventilation at PCP diagnosis was also associated with an increased risk of sulfa treatment failure at 5 days.

EID Rabodonirina M, Vaillant L, Taffé P, Nahimana A, Gillibert R, Vanhems P, et al. Pneumocystis jirovecii Genotype Associated with Increased Death Rate of HIV-infected Patients with Pneumonia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(1):21-28. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.120140
AMA Rabodonirina M, Vaillant L, Taffé P, et al. Pneumocystis jirovecii Genotype Associated with Increased Death Rate of HIV-infected Patients with Pneumonia. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2013;19(1):21-28. doi:10.3201/eid1901.120140.
APA Rabodonirina, M., Vaillant, L., Taffé, P., Nahimana, A., Gillibert, R., Vanhems, P....Hauser, P. M. (2013). Pneumocystis jirovecii Genotype Associated with Increased Death Rate of HIV-infected Patients with Pneumonia. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 19(1), 21-28. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.120140.

Infections with Spore-forming Bacteria in Persons Who Inject Drugs, 2000–2009 [PDF - 496 KB - 6 pages]
N. E. Palmateer et al.

Since 2000 in the United Kingdom, infections caused by spore-forming bacteria have been associated with increasing illness and death among persons who inject drugs (PWID). To assess temporal and geographic trends in these illnesses (botulism, tetanus, Clostridium novyi infection, and anthrax), we compared rates across England and Scotland for 2000–2009. Overall, 295 infections were reported: 1.45 per 1,000 PWID in England and 4.01 per 1,000 PWID in Scotland. The higher rate in Scotland was mainly attributable to C. novyi infection and anthrax; rates of botulism and tetanus were comparable in both countries. The temporal and geographic clustering of cases of C. novyi and anthrax into outbreaks suggests possible contamination of specific heroin batches; in contrast, the more sporadic nature of tetanus and botulism cases suggests that these spores might more commonly exist in the drug supply or local environment although at varying levels. PWID should be advised about treatment programs, injecting hygiene, risks, and vaccinations.

EID Palmateer NE, Hope VD, Roy K, Marongiu A, White JM, Grant KA, et al. Infections with Spore-forming Bacteria in Persons Who Inject Drugs, 2000–2009. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(1):29-34. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.120044
AMA Palmateer NE, Hope VD, Roy K, et al. Infections with Spore-forming Bacteria in Persons Who Inject Drugs, 2000–2009. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2013;19(1):29-34. doi:10.3201/eid1901.120044.
APA Palmateer, N. E., Hope, V. D., Roy, K., Marongiu, A., White, J. M., Grant, K. A....Ncube, F. (2013). Infections with Spore-forming Bacteria in Persons Who Inject Drugs, 2000–2009. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 19(1), 29-34. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.120044.

Automated Biosurveillance Data from England and Wales, 1991–2011 [PDF - 829 KB - 8 pages]
D. G. Enki et al.

Outbreak detection systems for use with very large multiple surveillance databases must be suited both to the data available and to the requirements of full automation. To inform the development of more effective outbreak detection algorithms, we analyzed 20 years of data (1991–2011) from a large laboratory surveillance database used for outbreak detection in England and Wales. The data relate to 3,303 distinct types of infectious pathogens, with a frequency range spanning 6 orders of magnitude. Several hundred organism types were reported each week. We describe the diversity of seasonal patterns, trends, artifacts, and extra-Poisson variability to which an effective multiple laboratory-based outbreak detection system must adjust. We provide empirical information to guide the selection of simple statistical models for automated surveillance of multiple organisms, in the light of the key requirements of such outbreak detection systems, namely, robustness, flexibility, and sensitivity.

EID Enki DG, Noufaily A, Garthwaite PH, Andrews NJ, Charlett A, Lane C, et al. Automated Biosurveillance Data from England and Wales, 1991–2011. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(1):35-42. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.120493
AMA Enki DG, Noufaily A, Garthwaite PH, et al. Automated Biosurveillance Data from England and Wales, 1991–2011. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2013;19(1):35-42. doi:10.3201/eid1901.120493.
APA Enki, D. G., Noufaily, A., Garthwaite, P. H., Andrews, N. J., Charlett, A., Lane, C....Farrington, C. (2013). Automated Biosurveillance Data from England and Wales, 1991–2011. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 19(1), 35-42. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.120493.

Microevolution of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Viruses Isolated from Humans, Egypt, 2007–2011 [PDF - 610 KB - 8 pages]
M. Younan et al.

We analyzed highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses isolated from humans infected in Egypt during 2007–2011. All analyzed viruses evolved from the lineage of subtype H5N1 viruses introduced into Egypt in 2006; we found minimal evidence of reassortment and no exotic introductions. The hemagglutinin genes of the viruses from 2011 formed a monophyletic group within clade 2.2.1 that also included human viruses from 2009 and 2010 and contemporary viruses from poultry; this finding is consistent with zoonotic transmission. Although molecular markers suggestive of decreased susceptibility to antiviral drugs were detected sporadically in the neuraminidase and matrix 2 proteins, functional neuraminidase inhibition assays did not identify resistant viruses. No other mutations suggesting a change in the threat to public health were detected in the viral proteomes. However, a comparison of representative subtype H5N1 viruses from 2011 with older subtype H5N1 viruses from Egypt revealed substantial antigenic drift.

EID Younan M, Poh M, Elassal E, Davis T, Rivailler P, Balish AL, et al. Microevolution of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Viruses Isolated from Humans, Egypt, 2007–2011. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(1):43-50. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.121080
AMA Younan M, Poh M, Elassal E, et al. Microevolution of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Viruses Isolated from Humans, Egypt, 2007–2011. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2013;19(1):43-50. doi:10.3201/eid1901.121080.
APA Younan, M., Poh, M., Elassal, E., Davis, T., Rivailler, P., Balish, A. L....Kandeel, A. (2013). Microevolution of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Viruses Isolated from Humans, Egypt, 2007–2011. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 19(1), 43-50. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.121080.

Risk Factors for Nipah Virus Infection among Pteropid Bats, Peninsular Malaysia [PDF - 819 KB - 10 pages]
S. A. Rahman et al.

We conducted cross-sectional and longitudinal studies to determine the distribution of and risk factors for seropositivity to Nipah virus (NiV) among Pteropus vampyrus and P. hypomelanus bats in Peninsular Malaysia. Neutralizing antibodies against NiV were detected at most locations surveyed. We observed a consistently higher NiV risk (odds ratio 3.9) and seroprevalence (32.8%) for P. vampyrus than P. hypomelanus (11.1%) bats. A 3-year longitudinal study of P. hypomelanus bats indicated nonseasonal temporal variation in seroprevalence, evidence for viral circulation within the study period, and an overall NiV seroprevalence of 9.8%. The seroprevalence fluctuated over the study duration between 1% and 20% and generally decreased during 2004–2006. Adult bats, particularly pregnant, with dependent pup and lactating bats, had a higher prevalence of NiV antibodies than juveniles. Antibodies in juveniles 6 months–2 years of age suggested viral circulation within the study period.

EID Rahman SA, Hassan L, Epstein JH, Mamat ZC, Yatim AM, Hassan SS, et al. Risk Factors for Nipah Virus Infection among Pteropid Bats, Peninsular Malaysia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(1):51-60. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.120221
AMA Rahman SA, Hassan L, Epstein JH, et al. Risk Factors for Nipah Virus Infection among Pteropid Bats, Peninsular Malaysia. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2013;19(1):51-60. doi:10.3201/eid1901.120221.
APA Rahman, S. A., Hassan, L., Epstein, J. H., Mamat, Z. C., Yatim, A. M., Hassan, S. S....Daszak, P. (2013). Risk Factors for Nipah Virus Infection among Pteropid Bats, Peninsular Malaysia. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 19(1), 51-60. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.120221.

Invasive Pneumococcal Disease after Routine Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccination in Children, England and Wales [PDF - 536 KB - 8 pages]
S. N. Ladhani et al.

We assessed known risk factors, clinical presentation, and outcome of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in children 3–59 months of age after introduction of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) in England and Wales. During September 2006–March 2010, a total of 1,342 IPD episodes occurred in 1,332 children; 14.9% (198/1,332) had comorbidities. Compared with IPD caused by PCV7 serotypes (44/248; 17.7%), comorbidities were less common for the extra 3 serotypes in the 10-valent vaccine (15/299; 5.0%) but similar to the 3 additional PCV13 serotypes (45/336; 13.4%) and increased for the 11 extra serotypes in 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23) (39/186; 21.0%) and non-PPV23 serotypes (38/138; 27.5%). Fifty-two (3.9%) cases resulted from PCV7 failure; 9 (0.7%) case-patients had recurrent IPD. Case-fatality rate was 4.4% (58/1,332) but higher for meningitis (11.0%) and children with comorbidities (9.1%). Thus, comorbidities were more prevalent in children with IPD caused by non-PCV13 serotypes and were associated with increased case fatality.

EID Ladhani SN, Slack M, Andrews NJ, Waight PA, Borrow R, Miller E. Invasive Pneumococcal Disease after Routine Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccination in Children, England and Wales. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(1):61-68. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.120741
AMA Ladhani SN, Slack M, Andrews NJ, et al. Invasive Pneumococcal Disease after Routine Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccination in Children, England and Wales. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2013;19(1):61-68. doi:10.3201/eid1901.120741.
APA Ladhani, S. N., Slack, M., Andrews, N. J., Waight, P. A., Borrow, R., & Miller, E. (2013). Invasive Pneumococcal Disease after Routine Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccination in Children, England and Wales. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 19(1), 61-68. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.120741.

Vaccination and Tick-borne Encephalitis, Central Europe [PDF - 2.62 MB - 8 pages]
F. X. Heinz et al.

Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a substantial public health problem in many parts of Europe and Asia. To assess the effect of increasing TBE vaccination coverage in Austria, we compared incidence rates over 40 years for highly TBE-endemic countries of central Europe (Czech Republic, Slovenia, and Austria). For all 3 countries we found extensive annual and longer range fluctuations and shifts in distribution of patient ages, suggesting major variations in the complex interplay of factors influencing risk for exposure to TBE virus. The most distinctive effect was found for Austria, where mass vaccination decreased incidence to ≈16% of that of the prevaccination era. Incidence rates remained high for the nonvaccinated population. The vaccine was effective for persons in all age groups. During 2000–2011 in Austria, ≈4,000 cases of TBE were prevented by vaccination.

EID Heinz FX, Stiasny K, Holzmann H, Grgic-Vitek M, Kriz B, Essl A, et al. Vaccination and Tick-borne Encephalitis, Central Europe. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(1):69-76. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.120458
AMA Heinz FX, Stiasny K, Holzmann H, et al. Vaccination and Tick-borne Encephalitis, Central Europe. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2013;19(1):69-76. doi:10.3201/eid1901.120458.
APA Heinz, F. X., Stiasny, K., Holzmann, H., Grgic-Vitek, M., Kriz, B., Essl, A....Kundi, M. (2013). Vaccination and Tick-borne Encephalitis, Central Europe. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 19(1), 69-76. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.120458.

Novel Polyomavirus associated with Brain Tumors in Free-Ranging Raccoons, Western United States [PDF - 1.10 MB - 8 pages]
F. N. Dela Cruz et al.

Tumors of any type are exceedingly rare in raccoons. High-grade brain tumors, consistently located in the frontal lobes and olfactory tracts, were detected in 10 raccoons during March 2010–May 2012 in California and Oregon, suggesting an emerging, infectious origin. We have identified a candidate etiologic agent, dubbed raccoon polyomavirus, that was present in the tumor tissue of all affected animals but not in tissues from 20 unaffected animals. Southern blot hybridization and rolling circle amplification showed the episomal viral genome in the tumors. The multifunctional nuclear protein large T-antigen was detectable by immunohistochemical analyses in a subset of neoplastic cells. Raccoon polyomavirus may contribute to the development of malignant brain tumors of raccoons.

EID Dela Cruz FN, Giannitti F, Li L, Woods LW, Del Valle L, Delwart E, et al. Novel Polyomavirus associated with Brain Tumors in Free-Ranging Raccoons, Western United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(1):77-84. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.121078
AMA Dela Cruz FN, Giannitti F, Li L, et al. Novel Polyomavirus associated with Brain Tumors in Free-Ranging Raccoons, Western United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2013;19(1):77-84. doi:10.3201/eid1901.121078.
APA Dela Cruz, F. N., Giannitti, F., Li, L., Woods, L. W., Del Valle, L., Delwart, E....Pesavento, P. A. (2013). Novel Polyomavirus associated with Brain Tumors in Free-Ranging Raccoons, Western United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 19(1), 77-84. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.121078.

Novel Framework for Assessing Epidemiologic Effects of Influenza Epidemics and Pandemics [PDF - 604 KB - 7 pages]
C. Reed et al.

The effects of influenza on a population are attributable to the clinical severity of illness and the number of persons infected, which can vary greatly between seasons or pandemics. To create a systematic framework for assessing the public health effects of an emerging pandemic, we reviewed data from past influenza seasons and pandemics to characterize severity and transmissibility (based on ranges of these measures in the United States) and outlined a formal assessment of the potential effects of a novel virus. The assessment was divided into 2 periods. Because early in a pandemic, measurement of severity and transmissibility is uncertain, we used a broad dichotomous scale in the initial assessment to divide the range of historic values. In the refined assessment, as more data became available, we categorized those values more precisely. By organizing and prioritizing data collection, this approach may inform an evidence-based assessment of pandemic effects and guide decision making.

EID Reed C, Biggerstaff M, Finelli L, Koonin LM, Beauvais D, Uzicanin A, et al. Novel Framework for Assessing Epidemiologic Effects of Influenza Epidemics and Pandemics. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(1):85-91. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.120124
AMA Reed C, Biggerstaff M, Finelli L, et al. Novel Framework for Assessing Epidemiologic Effects of Influenza Epidemics and Pandemics. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2013;19(1):85-91. doi:10.3201/eid1901.120124.
APA Reed, C., Biggerstaff, M., Finelli, L., Koonin, L. M., Beauvais, D., Uzicanin, A....Jernigan, D. B. (2013). Novel Framework for Assessing Epidemiologic Effects of Influenza Epidemics and Pandemics. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 19(1), 85-91. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.120124.

Seroepidemiologic Effects of Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 in Australia, New Zealand, and Singapore [PDF - 623 KB - 10 pages]
J. M. Trauer et al.

To estimate population attack rates of influenza A(H1N1)pdm2009 in the Southern Hemisphere during June–August 2009, we conducted several serologic studies. We pooled individual-level data from studies using hemagglutination inhibition assays performed in Australia, New Zealand, and Singapore. We determined seropositive proportions (titer >40) for each study region by age-group and sex in pre- and postpandemic phases, as defined by jurisdictional notification data. After exclusions, the pooled database consisted of, 4,414 prepandemic assays and 7,715 postpandemic assays. In the prepandemic phase, older age groups showed greater seropositive proportions, with age-standardized, community-based proportions ranging from 3.5% in Singapore to 11.9% in New Zealand. In the postpandemic phase, seropositive proportions ranged from 17.5% in Singapore to 30.8% in New Zealand, with highest proportions seen in school-aged children. Pregnancy and residential care were associated with lower postpandemic seropositivity, whereas Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians and Pacific Peoples of New Zealand had greater postpandemic seropositivity.

EID Trauer JM, Bandaranayake D, Booy R, Chen MI, Cretikos M, Dowse GK, et al. Seroepidemiologic Effects of Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 in Australia, New Zealand, and Singapore. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(1):92-101. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.111643
AMA Trauer JM, Bandaranayake D, Booy R, et al. Seroepidemiologic Effects of Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 in Australia, New Zealand, and Singapore. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2013;19(1):92-101. doi:10.3201/eid1901.111643.
APA Trauer, J. M., Bandaranayake, D., Booy, R., Chen, M. I., Cretikos, M., Dowse, G. K....Markey, P. G. (2013). Seroepidemiologic Effects of Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 in Australia, New Zealand, and Singapore. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 19(1), 92-101. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.111643.
Dispatches

Sheep-to-Human Transmission of Orf Virus during Eid al-Adha Religious Practices, France [PDF - 616 KB - 4 pages]
A. Nougairede et al.

Five persons in France were infected with Orf virus after skin wounds were exposed to infected sheep tissues during Eid al-Adha, the Muslim Feast of Sacrifice. Infections were confirmed by electron microscopy, PCR, and sequence analysis. Prevention and control of this underdiagnosed disease can be achieved by educating physicians, slaughterhouse workers, and persons participating in Eid al-Adha.

EID Nougairede A, Fossati C, Salez N, Cohen-Bacrie S, Ninove L, Michel F, et al. Sheep-to-Human Transmission of Orf Virus during Eid al-Adha Religious Practices, France. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(1):102-105. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.120421
AMA Nougairede A, Fossati C, Salez N, et al. Sheep-to-Human Transmission of Orf Virus during Eid al-Adha Religious Practices, France. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2013;19(1):102-105. doi:10.3201/eid1901.120421.
APA Nougairede, A., Fossati, C., Salez, N., Cohen-Bacrie, S., Ninove, L., Michel, F....Charrel, R. N. (2013). Sheep-to-Human Transmission of Orf Virus during Eid al-Adha Religious Practices, France. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 19(1), 102-105. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.120421.

Schmallenberg Virus in Culicoides spp. Biting Midges, the Netherlands, 2011 [PDF - 743 KB - 4 pages]
A. Elbers et al.

To determine which species of Culicoides biting midges carry Schmallenberg virus (SBV), we assayed midges collected in the Netherlands during autumn 2011. SBV RNA was found in C. scoticus, C. obsoletus sensu stricto, and C. chiopterus. The high proportion of infected midges might explain the rapid spread of SBV throughout Europe.

EID Elbers A, Meiswinkel R, van Weezep E, Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan MM, Kooi EA. Schmallenberg Virus in Culicoides spp. Biting Midges, the Netherlands, 2011. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(1):106-109. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.121054
AMA Elbers A, Meiswinkel R, van Weezep E, et al. Schmallenberg Virus in Culicoides spp. Biting Midges, the Netherlands, 2011. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2013;19(1):106-109. doi:10.3201/eid1901.121054.
APA Elbers, A., Meiswinkel, R., van Weezep, E., Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan, M. M., & Kooi, E. A. (2013). Schmallenberg Virus in Culicoides spp. Biting Midges, the Netherlands, 2011. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 19(1), 106-109. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.121054.

Hepatitis E Virus Genotype 4 Outbreak, Italy, 2011 [PDF - 897 KB - 5 pages]
A. R. Garbuglia et al.

During 2011, 5 persons in the area of Lazio, Italy were infected with a monophyletic strain of hepatitis E virus that showed high sequence homology with isolates from swine in China. Detection of this genotype in Italy parallels findings in other countries in Europe, signaling the possible spread of strains new to Western countries.

EID Garbuglia AR, Scognamiglio P, Petrosillo N, Mastroianni C, Sordillo P, Gentile D, et al. Hepatitis E Virus Genotype 4 Outbreak, Italy, 2011. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(1):110-114. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.120983
AMA Garbuglia AR, Scognamiglio P, Petrosillo N, et al. Hepatitis E Virus Genotype 4 Outbreak, Italy, 2011. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2013;19(1):110-114. doi:10.3201/eid1901.120983.
APA Garbuglia, A. R., Scognamiglio, P., Petrosillo, N., Mastroianni, C., Sordillo, P., Gentile, D....Capobianchi, M. R. (2013). Hepatitis E Virus Genotype 4 Outbreak, Italy, 2011. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 19(1), 110-114. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.120983.

Characterization of Full Genome of Rat Hepatitis E Virus Strain from Vietnam [PDF - 1.02 MB - 4 pages]
T. Li et al.

We amplified the complete genome of the rat hepatitis E virus (HEV) Vietnam strain (V-105) and analyzed the nucleotide and amino acid sequences. The entire genome of V-105 shared only 76.8%–76.9% nucleotide sequence identities with rat HEV strains from Germany, which suggests that V-105 is a new genotype of rat HEV.

EID Li T, Ami Y, Suzaki Y, Yasuda SP, Yoshimatsu K, Arikawa J, et al. Characterization of Full Genome of Rat Hepatitis E Virus Strain from Vietnam. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(1):115-118. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.121007
AMA Li T, Ami Y, Suzaki Y, et al. Characterization of Full Genome of Rat Hepatitis E Virus Strain from Vietnam. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2013;19(1):115-118. doi:10.3201/eid1901.121007.
APA Li, T., Ami, Y., Suzaki, Y., Yasuda, S. P., Yoshimatsu, K., Arikawa, J....Takaji, W. (2013). Characterization of Full Genome of Rat Hepatitis E Virus Strain from Vietnam. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 19(1), 115-118. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.121007.

Adenovirus Serotype 14 Infection, New Brunswick, Canada, 2011 [PDF - 1.55 MB - 4 pages]
G. Girouard et al.

We describe 3 culture-proven cases of adenovirus serotype 14 infection in New Brunswick, Canada, during the summer of 2011. Strains isolated from severely ill patients were closely related to strains of a genomic variant, adenovirus 14p1, circulating in the United States and Ireland. Physicians in Canada should be aware of this emerging adenovirus.

EID Girouard G, Garceau R, Thibault L, Oussedik Y, Bastien N, Li Y. Adenovirus Serotype 14 Infection, New Brunswick, Canada, 2011. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(1):119-122. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.120423
AMA Girouard G, Garceau R, Thibault L, et al. Adenovirus Serotype 14 Infection, New Brunswick, Canada, 2011. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2013;19(1):119-122. doi:10.3201/eid1901.120423.
APA Girouard, G., Garceau, R., Thibault, L., Oussedik, Y., Bastien, N., & Li, Y. (2013). Adenovirus Serotype 14 Infection, New Brunswick, Canada, 2011. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 19(1), 119-122. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.120423.

Staphylococcus aureus Causing Tropical Pyomyositis, Amazon Basin, Peru [PDF - 340 KB - 3 pages]
C. García et al.

We studied 12 Staphylococcus aureus isolates causing tropical pyomyositis in the Amazon Basin of Peru. All isolates were methicillin-susceptible; 11 carried Panton-Valentine leukocidin–encoding genes, and 5 belonged to multilocus sequence type 25 and possessed an extensive set of enterotoxins. Our findings suggest sequence type 25 is circulating in tropical areas of South America.

EID García C, Hallin M, Deplano A, Denis O, Sihuincha M, de Groot R, et al. Staphylococcus aureus Causing Tropical Pyomyositis, Amazon Basin, Peru. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(1):123-125. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.120819
AMA García C, Hallin M, Deplano A, et al. Staphylococcus aureus Causing Tropical Pyomyositis, Amazon Basin, Peru. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2013;19(1):123-125. doi:10.3201/eid1901.120819.
APA García, C., Hallin, M., Deplano, A., Denis, O., Sihuincha, M., de Groot, R....Jacobs, J. (2013). Staphylococcus aureus Causing Tropical Pyomyositis, Amazon Basin, Peru. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 19(1), 123-125. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.120819.

Puumala Virus Infections Associated with Cardiovascular Causes of Death [PDF - 235 KB - 3 pages]
A. Connolly-Andersen et al.

We studied the causes of death of patients in Sweden with diagnoses of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) during 1997–2009. Cardiovascular disorders were a common cause of death during acute-phase HFRS and were the cause of death for >50% of those who died during the first year after HFRS.

EID Connolly-Andersen A, Ahlm K, Ahlm C, Klingström J. Puumala Virus Infections Associated with Cardiovascular Causes of Death. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(1):126-128. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.111587
AMA Connolly-Andersen A, Ahlm K, Ahlm C, et al. Puumala Virus Infections Associated with Cardiovascular Causes of Death. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2013;19(1):126-128. doi:10.3201/eid1901.111587.
APA Connolly-Andersen, A., Ahlm, K., Ahlm, C., & Klingström, J. (2013). Puumala Virus Infections Associated with Cardiovascular Causes of Death. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 19(1), 126-128. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.111587.

Linezolid Dependence in Staphylococcus epidermidis Bloodstream Isolates [PDF - 533 KB - 4 pages]
S. Pournaras et al.

We document linezolid dependence among 5 highly linezolid-resistant (LRSE) Staphylococcus epidermidis bloodstream isolates that grew substantially faster at 32 µg/mL linezolid presence. These isolates carried the mutations T2504A and C2534T in multiple 23S rRNA copies and 2 mutations leading to relevant amino acid substitutions in L3 protein. Linezolid dependence could account for increasing LRSE emergence.

EID Pournaras S, Ntokou E, Zarkotou O, Ranellou K, Themeli-Digalaki K, Stathopoulos C, et al. Linezolid Dependence in Staphylococcus epidermidis Bloodstream Isolates. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(1):129-132. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.111527
AMA Pournaras S, Ntokou E, Zarkotou O, et al. Linezolid Dependence in Staphylococcus epidermidis Bloodstream Isolates. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2013;19(1):129-132. doi:10.3201/eid1901.111527.
APA Pournaras, S., Ntokou, E., Zarkotou, O., Ranellou, K., Themeli-Digalaki, K., Stathopoulos, C....Tsakris, A. (2013). Linezolid Dependence in Staphylococcus epidermidis Bloodstream Isolates. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 19(1), 129-132. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.111527.

Klebsiella pneumoniae Antimicrobial Drug Resistance, United States, 1998–2010 [PDF - 918 KB - 4 pages]
G. V. Sanchez et al.

We studied antimicrobial-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae for 1998–2010 by using data from The Surveillance Network. Susceptibility results (n = 3,132,354) demonstrated significant increases in resistance to all antimicrobial drugs studied, except tetracycline. Cross-resistance among carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae was lower for tetracycline and amikacin.

EID Sanchez GV, Master RN, Clark RB, Fyyaz M, Duvvuri P, Ekta G, et al. Klebsiella pneumoniae Antimicrobial Drug Resistance, United States, 1998–2010. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(1):133-136. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.120310
AMA Sanchez GV, Master RN, Clark RB, et al. Klebsiella pneumoniae Antimicrobial Drug Resistance, United States, 1998–2010. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2013;19(1):133-136. doi:10.3201/eid1901.120310.
APA Sanchez, G. V., Master, R. N., Clark, R. B., Fyyaz, M., Duvvuri, P., Ekta, G....Bordon, J. (2013). Klebsiella pneumoniae Antimicrobial Drug Resistance, United States, 1998–2010. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 19(1), 133-136. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.120310.

West Nile Virus Infection among Humans, Texas, USA, 2002–2011 [PDF - 422 KB - 3 pages]
M. S. Nolan et al.

We conducted an epidemiologic analysis to document West Nile virus infections among humans in Texas, USA, during 2002–2011. West Nile virus has become endemic to Texas; the number of reported cases increased every 3 years. Risk for infection was greatest in rural northwestern Texas, where Culex tarsalis mosquitoes are the predominant mosquito species.

EID Nolan MS, Schuermann J, Murray KO. West Nile Virus Infection among Humans, Texas, USA, 2002–2011. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(1):137-139. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.121135
AMA Nolan MS, Schuermann J, Murray KO. West Nile Virus Infection among Humans, Texas, USA, 2002–2011. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2013;19(1):137-139. doi:10.3201/eid1901.121135.
APA Nolan, M. S., Schuermann, J., & Murray, K. O. (2013). West Nile Virus Infection among Humans, Texas, USA, 2002–2011. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 19(1), 137-139. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.121135.

Seropositivity for Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Virus among Frontline Health Care Personnel [PDF - 421 KB - 4 pages]
K. Alagappan et al.

Seroprevalence of antibodies to influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus among 193 emergency department health care personnel was similar among 147 non–health care personnel (odds ratio 1.4, 95% CI 0.8–2.4). Working in an acute care setting did not substantially increase risk for virus infection above risk conferred by community-based exposures.

EID Alagappan K, Silverman RA, Hancock K, Ward M, Akerman M, Dawood FS, et al. Seropositivity for Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Virus among Frontline Health Care Personnel. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(1):140-143. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.111640
AMA Alagappan K, Silverman RA, Hancock K, et al. Seropositivity for Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Virus among Frontline Health Care Personnel. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2013;19(1):140-143. doi:10.3201/eid1901.111640.
APA Alagappan, K., Silverman, R. A., Hancock, K., Ward, M., Akerman, M., Dawood, F. S....Katz, J. M. (2013). Seropositivity for Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Virus among Frontline Health Care Personnel. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 19(1), 140-143. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.111640.

Human Gastroenteritis Outbreak Associated with Escherichia albertii, Japan [PDF - 680 KB - 3 pages]
T. Ooka et al.

Although Escherichia albertii is an emerging intestinal pathogen, it has been associated only with sporadic human infections. In this study, we determined that a human gastroenteritis outbreak at a restaurant in Japan had E. albertii as the major causative agent.

EID Ooka T, Tokuoka E, Furukawa M, Nagamura T, Ogura Y, Arisawa K, et al. Human Gastroenteritis Outbreak Associated with Escherichia albertii, Japan. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(1):144-146. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.120646
AMA Ooka T, Tokuoka E, Furukawa M, et al. Human Gastroenteritis Outbreak Associated with Escherichia albertii, Japan. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2013;19(1):144-146. doi:10.3201/eid1901.120646.
APA Ooka, T., Tokuoka, E., Furukawa, M., Nagamura, T., Ogura, Y., Arisawa, K....Hayashi, T. (2013). Human Gastroenteritis Outbreak Associated with Escherichia albertii, Japan. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 19(1), 144-146. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.120646.

Novel Epidemic Clones of Listeria monocytogenes, United States, 2011 [PDF - 489 KB - 4 pages]
S. Lomonaco et al.

We identified a novel serotype 1/2a outbreak strain and 2 novel epidemic clones of Listeria monocytogenes while investigating a foodborne outbreak of listeriosis associated with consumption of cantaloupe during 2011 in the United States. Comparative analyses of strains worldwide are essential to identification of novel outbreak strains and epidemic clones.

EID Lomonaco S, Verghese B, Gerner-Smidt P, Tarr C, Gladney L, Joseph L, et al. Novel Epidemic Clones of Listeria monocytogenes, United States, 2011. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(1):147-150. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.121167
AMA Lomonaco S, Verghese B, Gerner-Smidt P, et al. Novel Epidemic Clones of Listeria monocytogenes, United States, 2011. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2013;19(1):147-150. doi:10.3201/eid1901.121167.
APA Lomonaco, S., Verghese, B., Gerner-Smidt, P., Tarr, C., Gladney, L., Joseph, L....Knabel, S. (2013). Novel Epidemic Clones of Listeria monocytogenes, United States, 2011. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 19(1), 147-150. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.121167.

Rinderpest Virus Sequestration and Use in Posteradication Era [PDF - 699 KB - 3 pages]
G. Fournié et al.

After the 2011 declaration of rinderpest disease eradication, we surveyed 150 countries about rinderpest virus stocks. Forty-four laboratories in 35 countries held laboratory-attenuated strains, field strains, or diagnostic samples. Vaccine and reagent production and laboratory experiments continued. Rigorous standards are necessary to ensure that stocks are kept under safe conditions.

EID Fournié G, Beauvais W, Jones BA, Lubroth J, Ambrosini F, Njeumi F, et al. Rinderpest Virus Sequestration and Use in Posteradication Era. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(1):151-153. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.120967
AMA Fournié G, Beauvais W, Jones BA, et al. Rinderpest Virus Sequestration and Use in Posteradication Era. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2013;19(1):151-153. doi:10.3201/eid1901.120967.
APA Fournié, G., Beauvais, W., Jones, B. A., Lubroth, J., Ambrosini, F., Njeumi, F....Pfeiffer, D. U. (2013). Rinderpest Virus Sequestration and Use in Posteradication Era. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 19(1), 151-153. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.120967.
Letters

Schmallenberg Virus in Central Nervous System of Ruminants [PDF - 753 KB - 2 pages]
K. Hahn et al.
EID Hahn K, Habierski A, Herder V, Wohlsein P, Peters M, Hansmann F, et al. Schmallenberg Virus in Central Nervous System of Ruminants. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(1):154-155. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.120764
AMA Hahn K, Habierski A, Herder V, et al. Schmallenberg Virus in Central Nervous System of Ruminants. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2013;19(1):154-155. doi:10.3201/eid1901.120764.
APA Hahn, K., Habierski, A., Herder, V., Wohlsein, P., Peters, M., Hansmann, F....Baumgärtner, W. (2013). Schmallenberg Virus in Central Nervous System of Ruminants. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 19(1), 154-155. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.120764.

Polyomavirus in Saliva of HIV-infected Children, Brazil [PDF - 889 KB - 3 pages]
T. F. Robaina et al.
EID Robaina TF, Mendes GS, Benati FJ, Pena GA, Silva RC, Montes M, et al. Polyomavirus in Saliva of HIV-infected Children, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(1):155-157. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.120563
AMA Robaina TF, Mendes GS, Benati FJ, et al. Polyomavirus in Saliva of HIV-infected Children, Brazil. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2013;19(1):155-157. doi:10.3201/eid1901.120563.
APA Robaina, T. F., Mendes, G. S., Benati, F. J., Pena, G. A., Silva, R. C., Montes, M....Santos, N. (2013). Polyomavirus in Saliva of HIV-infected Children, Brazil. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 19(1), 155-157. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.120563.

Carbapenem-hydrolyzing Oxacillinase-48 and Oxacillinase-181 in Canada, 2011 [PDF - 353 KB - 4 pages]
L. F. Mataseje et al.
EID Mataseje LF, Boyd DA, Hoang L, Imperial M, Lefebvre B, Miller M, et al. Carbapenem-hydrolyzing Oxacillinase-48 and Oxacillinase-181 in Canada, 2011. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(1):157-160. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.120706
AMA Mataseje LF, Boyd DA, Hoang L, et al. Carbapenem-hydrolyzing Oxacillinase-48 and Oxacillinase-181 in Canada, 2011. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2013;19(1):157-160. doi:10.3201/eid1901.120706.
APA Mataseje, L. F., Boyd, D. A., Hoang, L., Imperial, M., Lefebvre, B., Miller, M....Mulvey, M. R. (2013). Carbapenem-hydrolyzing Oxacillinase-48 and Oxacillinase-181 in Canada, 2011. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 19(1), 157-160. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.120706.

Characterization of Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus, Eritrea, 2002–2011 [PDF - 264 KB - 2 pages]
G. Cosseddu et al.
EID Cosseddu G, Pinoni C, Polci A, Sebhatu T, Lelli R, Monaco F. Characterization of Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus, Eritrea, 2002–2011. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(1):160-161. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.121072
AMA Cosseddu G, Pinoni C, Polci A, et al. Characterization of Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus, Eritrea, 2002–2011. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2013;19(1):160-161. doi:10.3201/eid1901.121072.
APA Cosseddu, G., Pinoni, C., Polci, A., Sebhatu, T., Lelli, R., & Monaco, F. (2013). Characterization of Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus, Eritrea, 2002–2011. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 19(1), 160-161. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.121072.

A Case of Endemic Syphilis, Iran [PDF - 317 KB - 2 pages]
A. Abdolrasouli et al.
EID Abdolrasouli A, Croucher A, Hemmati Y, Mabey D. A Case of Endemic Syphilis, Iran. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(1):162-163. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.120756
AMA Abdolrasouli A, Croucher A, Hemmati Y, et al. A Case of Endemic Syphilis, Iran. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2013;19(1):162-163. doi:10.3201/eid1901.120756.
APA Abdolrasouli, A., Croucher, A., Hemmati, Y., & Mabey, D. (2013). A Case of Endemic Syphilis, Iran. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 19(1), 162-163. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.120756.

Antiretroviral Therapy–associated Coccidioidal Meningitis [PDF - 380 KB - 3 pages]
R. Trible et al.
EID Trible R, Edgerton N, Hayek S, Winkel D, Anderson AM. Antiretroviral Therapy–associated Coccidioidal Meningitis. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(1):163-165. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.120889
AMA Trible R, Edgerton N, Hayek S, et al. Antiretroviral Therapy–associated Coccidioidal Meningitis. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2013;19(1):163-165. doi:10.3201/eid1901.120889.
APA Trible, R., Edgerton, N., Hayek, S., Winkel, D., & Anderson, A. M. (2013). Antiretroviral Therapy–associated Coccidioidal Meningitis. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 19(1), 163-165. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.120889.

Concurrent Tuberculosis and Influenza, South Korea [PDF - 265 KB - 3 pages]
J. Noh et al.
EID Noh J, Lee J, Choi W, Song J, Seo Y, Kim I, et al. Concurrent Tuberculosis and Influenza, South Korea. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(1):165-167. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.111613
AMA Noh J, Lee J, Choi W, et al. Concurrent Tuberculosis and Influenza, South Korea. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2013;19(1):165-167. doi:10.3201/eid1901.111613.
APA Noh, J., Lee, J., Choi, W., Song, J., Seo, Y., Kim, I....Kim, W. (2013). Concurrent Tuberculosis and Influenza, South Korea. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 19(1), 165-167. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.111613.

Cronobacter Infections Not from Infant Formula, Taiwan [PDF - 265 KB - 3 pages]
H. Tsai et al.
EID Tsai H, Liao C, Huang Y, Lee P, Hsueh P. Cronobacter Infections Not from Infant Formula, Taiwan. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(1):167-169. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.120774
AMA Tsai H, Liao C, Huang Y, et al. Cronobacter Infections Not from Infant Formula, Taiwan. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2013;19(1):167-169. doi:10.3201/eid1901.120774.
APA Tsai, H., Liao, C., Huang, Y., Lee, P., & Hsueh, P. (2013). Cronobacter Infections Not from Infant Formula, Taiwan. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 19(1), 167-169. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.120774.

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in Rats [PDF - 266 KB - 2 pages]
C. Himsworth et al.
EID Himsworth C, Patrick DM, Parsons K, Feng A, Weese J. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in Rats. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(1):169-170. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.120897
AMA Himsworth C, Patrick DM, Parsons K, et al. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in Rats. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2013;19(1):169-170. doi:10.3201/eid1901.120897.
APA Himsworth, C., Patrick, D. M., Parsons, K., Feng, A., & Weese, J. (2013). Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in Rats. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 19(1), 169-170. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.120897.

Subcutaneous Infection with Dirofilaria immitis Nematode in Human, France [PDF - 198 KB - 2 pages]
M. Foissac et al.
EID Foissac M, Million M, Mary C, Dales J, Souraud J, Piarroux R, et al. Subcutaneous Infection with Dirofilaria immitis Nematode in Human, France. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(1):171-172. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.120281
AMA Foissac M, Million M, Mary C, et al. Subcutaneous Infection with Dirofilaria immitis Nematode in Human, France. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2013;19(1):171-172. doi:10.3201/eid1901.120281.
APA Foissac, M., Million, M., Mary, C., Dales, J., Souraud, J., Piarroux, R....Parola, P. (2013). Subcutaneous Infection with Dirofilaria immitis Nematode in Human, France. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 19(1), 171-172. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.120281.

Neurocysticercosis on the Arabian Peninsula, 2003–2011 [PDF - 330 KB - 3 pages]
O. H. Del Brutto
EID Del Brutto OH. Neurocysticercosis on the Arabian Peninsula, 2003–2011. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(1):172-174. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.120432
AMA Del Brutto OH. Neurocysticercosis on the Arabian Peninsula, 2003–2011. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2013;19(1):172-174. doi:10.3201/eid1901.120432.
APA Del Brutto, O. H. (2013). Neurocysticercosis on the Arabian Peninsula, 2003–2011. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 19(1), 172-174. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.120432.

Sapovirus Gastroenteritis in Preschool Center, Puerto Rico, 2011 [PDF - 258 KB - 2 pages]
E. Hassan-Ríos et al.
EID Hassan-Ríos E, Torres P, Muñoz E, Matos C, Hall AJ, Gregoricus N, et al. Sapovirus Gastroenteritis in Preschool Center, Puerto Rico, 2011. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(1):174-175. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.120690
AMA Hassan-Ríos E, Torres P, Muñoz E, et al. Sapovirus Gastroenteritis in Preschool Center, Puerto Rico, 2011. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2013;19(1):174-175. doi:10.3201/eid1901.120690.
APA Hassan-Ríos, E., Torres, P., Muñoz, E., Matos, C., Hall, A. J., Gregoricus, N....Vinjé, J. (2013). Sapovirus Gastroenteritis in Preschool Center, Puerto Rico, 2011. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 19(1), 174-175. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.120690.

Cronobacter sakazakii ST4 Strains and Neonatal Meningitis, United States [PDF - 332 KB - 3 pages]
S. Hariri et al.
EID Hariri S, Joseph S, Forsythe SJ. Cronobacter sakazakii ST4 Strains and Neonatal Meningitis, United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(1):175-177. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.120649
AMA Hariri S, Joseph S, Forsythe SJ. Cronobacter sakazakii ST4 Strains and Neonatal Meningitis, United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2013;19(1):175-177. doi:10.3201/eid1901.120649.
APA Hariri, S., Joseph, S., & Forsythe, S. J. (2013). Cronobacter sakazakii ST4 Strains and Neonatal Meningitis, United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 19(1), 175-177. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.120649.

Seroprevalence of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Bulgaria [PDF - 263 KB - 3 pages]
I. Christova et al.
EID Christova I, Gladnishka T, Taseva E, Kalvatchev N, Tsergouli K, Papa A. Seroprevalence of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Bulgaria. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(1):177-179. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.120299
AMA Christova I, Gladnishka T, Taseva E, et al. Seroprevalence of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Bulgaria. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2013;19(1):177-179. doi:10.3201/eid1901.120299.
APA Christova, I., Gladnishka, T., Taseva, E., Kalvatchev, N., Tsergouli, K., & Papa, A. (2013). Seroprevalence of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Bulgaria. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 19(1), 177-179. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.120299.

Primary Multidrug-Resistant Leprosy, United States [PDF - 688 KB - 3 pages]
D. Williams et al.
EID Williams D, Hagino T, Sharma R, Scollard D. Primary Multidrug-Resistant Leprosy, United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(1):179-181. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.120864
AMA Williams D, Hagino T, Sharma R, et al. Primary Multidrug-Resistant Leprosy, United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2013;19(1):179-181. doi:10.3201/eid1901.120864.
APA Williams, D., Hagino, T., Sharma, R., & Scollard, D. (2013). Primary Multidrug-Resistant Leprosy, United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 19(1), 179-181. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.120864.
About the Cover

One Rotten Apple Infects All in the Basket [PDF - 344 KB - 2 pages]
P. Potter
EID Potter P. One Rotten Apple Infects All in the Basket. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(1):182-183. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.ac1901
AMA Potter P. One Rotten Apple Infects All in the Basket. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2013;19(1):182-183. doi:10.3201/eid1901.ac1901.
APA Potter, P. (2013). One Rotten Apple Infects All in the Basket. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 19(1), 182-183. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.ac1901.
Corrections

Retraction: Triple Reassortant Swine Influenza A (H3N2) Virus in Waterfowl [PDF - 323 KB - 1 page]
S. M. Goyal
EID Goyal SM. Retraction: Triple Reassortant Swine Influenza A (H3N2) Virus in Waterfowl. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(1):181. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.c11901
AMA Goyal SM. Retraction: Triple Reassortant Swine Influenza A (H3N2) Virus in Waterfowl. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2013;19(1):181. doi:10.3201/eid1901.c11901.
APA Goyal, S. M. (2013). Retraction: Triple Reassortant Swine Influenza A (H3N2) Virus in Waterfowl. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 19(1), 181. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.c11901.
News and Notes

Etymologia: Orf [PDF - 249 KB - 1 page]
EID Etymologia: Orf. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(1):105. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.et1901
AMA Etymologia: Orf. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2013;19(1):105. doi:10.3201/eid1901.et1901.
APA (2013). Etymologia: Orf. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 19(1), 105. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.et1901.
Page created: January 04, 2013
Page updated: May 04, 2017
Page reviewed: May 04, 2017
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
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