Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link
Volume 11, Number 11—November 2005
Letter

Ehrlichia ruminantium, Sudan

Yasukazu Muramatsu*Comments to Author , Shin-ya Ukegawa*, Abdel Rahim Mohamed El Hussein†, Magdi Badawi Abdel Rahman†, Khalil Mohamed Ali Abdel Gabbar‡, Agnes Mumbi Chitambo§, Tomoyoshi Komiya¶, Enala Tembo Mwase#, Chiharu Morita*, and Yutaka Tamura*
Author affiliations: *Rakuno Gakuen University, Hokkaido, Japan; †Center of Veterinary Research Laboratories, Khartoum, Sudan; ‡University of Bahr El Gazal, Khartoum, Sudan; §University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia; ¶Kitasato Institute Research Center for Biologicals, Saitama, Japan; #University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia

Main Article

Figure

Neighbor-joining phylogram based on map1 nucleotide sequences of Ehrlichia ruminantium strains. Ninety-seven Amblyomma variegatum ticks were obtained from cattle in the suburbs of Juba in southern Sudan, and 106 A. lepidum ticks were obtained from camels in the suburbs of Gedaref in eastern Sudan in 2000. The amplicon used included all 3 variable regions in the map1 sequence (nucleotide positions 472–1377) (7). The nucleotide position refers to GenBank accession no. X74250. The amplicon without

Figure. Neighbor-joining phylogram based on map1 nucleotide sequences of Ehrlichia ruminantium strains. Ninety-seven Amblyomma variegatum ticks were obtained from cattle in the suburbs of Juba in southern Sudan, and 106 A. lepidum ticks were obtained from camels in the suburbs of Gedaref in eastern Sudan in 2000. The amplicon used included all 3 variable regions in the map1 sequence (nucleotide positions 472–1377) (7). The nucleotide position refers to GenBank accession no. X74250. The amplicon without primer sequences (855 bp) was subjected to sequencing analysis. Sequence homogeneity was determined and multiple alignment analyses were conducted as previously described (9). A. marginale strain Pawhuska major surface protein 4 (GenBank accession no. AY127078) was used as an outgroup. WA, western Africa; SA, southern Africa; EA; eastern Africa. Kiswani is identical to Ludlow, Kümm1 is identical to Senegal, Kümm2 is identical to Omatjenne, Kwanyanga is identical to Lemco, and Sankat is identical to Mali (6).

Main Article

References
  1. Uilenberg  G. Heartwater (Cowdria ruminantium infection): current status. Adv Vet Sci Comp Med. 1983;27:42780.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  2. Burridge  MJ, Simmons  LA, Peter  TF, Mahan  SM. Increasing risks of introduction of heartwater onto the American mainland associated with animal movements. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2002;969:26974. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. Walker  JB, Olwage  A. The tick vectors of Cowdria ruminantium (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae, genus Amblyomma) and their distribution. Onderstepoort J Vet Res. 1987;54:35379.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  4. Jongejan  F, Morzaria  SP, Shariff  OA, Abdalla  HM. Isolation and transmission of Cowdria ruminantium (causal agent of heartwater disease) in Blue Nile Province, Sudan. Vet Res Commun. 1984;8:1415. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  5. Peter  TF, Deem  SL, Barbet  AF, Norval  RAI, Simbi  BH, Kelly  PJ, Development and evaluation of PCR assay for detection of low levels of Cowdria ruminantium infection in Amblyomma ticks not detected by DNA probe. J Clin Microbiol. 1995;33:16672.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  6. Allsopp  MTEP, Dorfling  CM, Maillard  JC, Bensaid  A, Haydon  DT, van Heerden  H, Ehrlichia ruminantium major antigenic protein gene (map1) variants are not geographically constrained and show no evidence of having evolved under positive selection pressure. J Clin Microbiol. 2001;39:42003. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  7. Reddy  GR, Sulsona  CR, Harrison  RH, Mahan  SM, Burridge  MJ, Barbet  AF. Sequence heterogeneity of the major antigenic protein 1 genes from Cowdria ruminantium isolates from different geographical areas. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 1996;3:41722.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. Peter  TF, Barbet  AF, Alleman  AR, Simbi  BH, Burridge  MJ, Mahan  SM. Detection of the agent of heartwater, Cowdria ruminantium, in Amblyomma ticks by PCR: validation and application of the assay to field ticks. J Clin Microbiol. 2000;38:153944.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  9. Morita  C, Hussein  ARME, Matsuda  E, Gabbar  KMAA, Muramatsu  Y, Rahman  MBA, Spotted fever group rickettsiae from ticks captured in Sudan. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2004;57:1079.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  10. Allsopp  MTEP, van Heerden  H, Steyn  HC, Allsopp  BA. Phylogenetic relationships among Ehrlichia ruminantium isolates. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003;990:68591. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar

Main Article

Page created: February 17, 2012
Page updated: February 17, 2012
Page reviewed: February 17, 2012
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
file_external