Rickettsia parkeri

This datasheet on Rickettsia parkeri covers Identity, Distribution, Vectors & Intermediate Hosts.

Our goal was to detect whether spotted fever group Rickettsia are found in the suspected vector of rickettsioses, Amblyomma triste, in Uruguay.Rickettsia parkeri was detected in A. triste, which suggests that this species could be considered a pathogenic agent responsible for human rickettsioses in Uruguay.
I n South America, cases of rickettsioses produced by the genus Rickettsia have been described in several countries in the last 20 years.The first three native cases of rickettsioses in Uruguay were reported in 1990.Patients had an initial small necrotic lesion (eschar) on the tick-bite point of attachment, fever and regional lymphadenopathies, an erythematous maculopapular rash, or any combination of these symptoms.Ticks involved in these cases were classified as Amblyomma triste (1), formerly thought to be A. maculatum (2).
A. triste is a neotropical tick species with a variety of hosts (3,4).It is the main tick species feeding on humans in Uruguay, and it is the primary candidate vector for transmitting rickettsioses in this country (5).According to the literature (2), Rickettsia conorii has been the causative agent of rickettsial diseases in Uruguay, but the evidence has been only serologic (by antirickettsial microimmunofluorescence testing) in all patients with suspected rickettsioses (6,7).Neither rickettsial isolation nor polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification from human blood samples from patients from Uruguay have been performed.However, as has been suggested (8), other tick-transmitted rickettsiae could be present in Uruguay.

The Study
The aim of this study was to identify the spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsial species present in the suspected vector of SFG rickettsioses in Uruguay (A. triste).From 1999 to 2004, in Uruguay, ticks were collected from humans (with and without rickettsial syndrome), other mammals, and vegetation and preserved in ethanol 70% at room temperature.Species, sex, and stage of development were determined by members of the Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República (Uruguay).Classified adult ticks (N = 91) were sent to the Hospital de La Rioja (Spain) for analysis with molecular biologic techniques.Thirty-six ticks recovered from 14 humans were attached but nonengorged.Only one tick removed from a human, the one corresponding to human 3, was attached and engorged.A total of 16 A. triste were captured walking on three different humans (nonattached).The remaining ticks were attached to two goats (n = 3), a rodent of the species Scapteromys tumidus (n = 4), and three dogs (n = 30; 19 of them were engorged).One tick was recovered from vegetation.Details are shown in the Table .DNA from the ticks was extracted by using the Tissue DNA Spin Kit (Genomed, Granada, Spain) according to the manufacturer's instructions.PCR testing for ompA, gltA, and 16S rRNA genes was performed as previously described (9)(10)(11).Two negative controls (one of them with template DNA but without primers and the other with primers and containing water instead of template DNA) as well as a positive control (R. conorii Malish #7 grown in Vero cells) were included in all PCR assays.Restriction analysis of ompA amplicons was also carried out under conditions reported by Roux et al. (12).Each PCR-amplified fragment of ompA gene was sequenced twice for all positive samples (Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, Spain) to confirm the identification of rickettsiae.Data were aligned with homologous sequences of reference strains of the SFG rickettsiae retrieved from the GenBank database.
Six ticks (three females and three males) collected on three humans and three dogs yielded positive PCR products of the expected sizes for ompA, gltA, and 16S rRNA, respectively (Table ).One of these ticks infected with SFG Rickettsia (the only one that was engorged) was removed from a woman (human 3) diagnosed with rickettsial syndrome in the Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República (Uruguay).This patient showed a small initial maculopapulous lesion on her scalp at the tick-bite point, followed by regional lymphadenopathies and fever.Diagnosis was made on the basis of the clinical picture and indirect immunoglobulin (Ig) G immunofluorescent technique with R. conorii antigen (Biomerieux Laboratories, Marcy l'Etiole, France).Serum specimens were collected during the acute phase (day 0) and convalescent phase (1 month later).The patient showed seroconversion for R. conorii with IgG, and she had a benign disease course after treatment with oral tetracyclines.No clinical signs of infection were confirmed for the remaining two humans bitten by ticks infected with SFG Rickettsia (humans 6 and 7), but ticks were removed immediately after attachment in these cases.For all six positive samples, sequence analysis for ompA amplicons showed 100% similarity with the homologous sequence of R. parkeri (GenBank accession no.U43802).Profiles obtained with RsaI for ompA PCR fragments were also in accordance with these data.

Conclusions
SFG Rickettsia isolated from arthropods and initially classified as nonpathogenic to humans are increasingly recognized as causing emerging rickettsial diseases (13).In the last 10 years, different Rickettsia species and subspecies, such as R. aeschlimannii (14), R. sibirica strain mongolotimonae (15), and R. slovaca (16), among others, have been implicated as human pathogens.Very recently, a new tickborne Rickettsia, R. parkeri, has been identified as a cause of human disease in the southern United States (17).According to Paddock et al., R. parkeri rickettsioses may also occur in other regions of the Western Hemisphere, e.g., in Uruguay.
We report R. parkeri infection in A. triste ticks collected in Uruguay.Several cases of rickettsioses have been described in this country but, to date, no Rickettsia has been isolated, cultivated, and characterized as the causative agent.A few years ago, R. conorii was presump-tively considered the etiologic agent, but diagnosis was established with serologic assays (indirect microimmunofluorescence testing) as reference technique (6).Crossreactions are noted within SFG Rickettsia antigens, and available serologic tests cannot be used to implicate a specific pathogen.In Uruguay, A. triste frequently bites humans, and rickettsioses frequently develop in them (5).Our finding of R. parkeri infection in one A. triste tick collected from a patient with rickettsiosis suggests that R. parkeri could be a pathogenic SFG Rickettsia involved in rickettsial diseases in Uruguay.Traditionally, this agent was reported as nonpathogenic to humans, but the first report of a human infection with R. parkeri was recently published (17).It has also recently shown to be mildly pathogenic to guinea pigs (18).In our study, R. parkeri was the only detected SFG Rickettsia in A. triste ticks from Uruguay.Our data suggest that A. triste is a host of SFG Rickettsia in Uruguay, and R. parkeri could be the causative agent of human cases of rickettsioses in Uruguay.

Table .
Amblyomma triste ticks collected from different origins in Uruguay a PCR, polymera se chain reaction; SFG, spotted fever group.b Human 3 had rickettsioses.