Novel Reassortant Influenza A(H5N8) Viruses, South Korea, 2014

To the Editor: Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses have caused considerable economic losses to the poultry industry and poses potential threats to animal and human health (www.oie.int/en/ and www.who.int/en/). Since 2003, influenza A(H5N1) viruses with a hemagglutinin (HA) gene derived from A/goose/Guandong/1/96–like viruses have become endemic to 6 countries (Bangladesh, China, Egypt, India, Indonesia, and Vietnam) (1) (www.cdc.gov/). Furthermore, HPAI viruses with an H5 subtype continue to undergo substantial evolution because of extensive genetic divergence and reassortment between other subtypes of influenza viruses. Especially in China, novel subtypes of H5 HPAI virus, such as influenza A(H5N2), influenza A(H5N5), and influenza A(H5N8) viruses, were reported during 2009–2011 (2,3).


Novel Reassortant Influenza A(H5N8)
Viruses, South Korea, 2014 To the Editor: Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses have caused considerable economic losses to the poultry industry and poses potential threats to animal and human health (www.oie.int/en/ and www.who.int/en/). Since 2003, influenza A(H5N1) viruses with a hemagglutinin (HA) gene derived from A/goose/Guandong/1/96-like viruses have become endemic to 6 countries (Bangladesh, China, Egypt, India, Indonesia, and Vietnam) (1) (www.cdc. gov/). Furthermore, HPAI viruses with an H5 subtype continue to undergo substantial evolution because of extensive genetic divergence and reassortment between other subtypes of influenza viruses. Especially in China, novel subtypes of H5 HPAI virus, such as influenza A(H5N2), influenza A(H5N5), and influenza A(H5N8) viruses, were reported during 2009-2011 (2,3).
On January 16, 2014, clinical signs of HPAI, such as decreased egg production (60%) and slightly increased mortality rates, were detected in ducks on a breeder duck farm near the Donglim Reservoir in Jeonbuk Province, South Korea. On January 17, a farmer (5 km from the Donglim Reservoir) also reported clinical signs of HPAI in broiler ducks. In addition, 100 carcasses of Baikal teals were found in the Donglim Reservoir.
RNAs extracted from organs (liver, pancreas, and trachea) of 3 dead birds (1 breeder duck, 1 broiler duck, and 1 Baikal teal) were positive for H5 subtype virus by reverse transcription PCR (4). We isolated viruses from suspected specimens by inoculation into embryonated specific pathogenfree chicken eggs. The H5N8 subtype was identified by using HA and neuraminidase (NA) inhibition assays.
Gochang1 virus has been shown to be highly pathogenic for chickens (intravenous pathogenicity index 3.0) (6). This finding was consistent with analysis of the HA gene, as shown by a series of deduced basic amino acid sequences (Gochang1, LREKRRKR/ GLF, Buan2 and Donglim3, LR-ERRRKR/GLF) at cleavage sites of HA (6). This outbreak of influenza A(H5N8) infection in South Korea was reported to the World Organisation for Animal Health (7).
Although there was an I314V mutation in the NA of the 3 viruses, other mutations that encode oseltamivir and zanamivir resistance were not detected (9).
A BLAST (www.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/genomes/FLU/FLU.html) search and phylogenetic analysis showed that these novel H5N8 subtype viruses likely originated from reassortment between A/duck/Jiangsu/k1203/2010 (H5N8) virus and other subtypes of avian influenza virus, all of which cocirculated in birds in eastern China during 2009-2012 (10). A phylogenetic tree of partial HA gene sequences for the 3 virus isolates from South Korea and other H5 subtype viruses (n = 72), showed that Gochang1, Buan2, and Donglime3 belong to the proposed H5 clade 2.3.4.6 ( Figure)  viruses showed high nucleotide identities, which suggested that the outbreak viruses in domestic ducks and Baikal teals might have an identical origin. Although research on the epidemiologic features of this outbreak is currently underway, it seems likely that on the basis of reassortant sequence features of the 8 genome segments, these 3 distinct viruses originated in eastern China. These influenza viruses are a potential threat to the poultry population in South Korea, including gallinaceous birds during movement of domestic ducks through the distribution network of live bird markets.