Novel Ehrlichia Strain Infecting Cattle Tick Amblyomma neumanni, Argentina, 2018

In 2018, we detected a novel Ehrlichia strain infecting Amblyomma neumanni ticks in Argentina. The novel strain is phylogenetically related to the ruminant pathogen E. ruminantium and represents a potential risk for veterinary and public health because A. neumanni ticks parasitize domestic and wild ruminants and bite humans.

T he first coronavirus, avian infectious bronchitis virus, was discovered in 1937 by Fred Beaudette and Charles Hudson. In 1967, June Almeida and David Tyrrell performed electron microscopy on specimens from cultures of viruses known to cause colds in humans and identified particles that resembled avian infectious bronchitis virus. Almeida coined the term "coronavirus," from the Latin corona ("crown"), because the glycoprotein spikes of these viruses created an image similar to a solar corona.
Strains that infect humans generally cause mild symptoms. However, more recently, animal coronaviruses have caused outbreaks of severe respiratory disease in humans, including severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and coronavirus disease (COVID-19).   (2,3). Recently, other Ehrlichia species have been reported and different strains of putative novel Ehrlichia species have been molecularly detected, but their taxonomic positions are still not clearly defined (4)(5)(6). Current knowledge about this group of pathogens suggests that a large number of Ehrlichia species might be not yet described.
Amblyomma neumanni ticks are relevant to human and veterinary medicine because in all stages they commonly parasitize wild and domestic ruminants and other large mammals, including humans (7). Moreover, A. neumanni ticks can reportedly be infected with Rickettsia bellii and Rickettsia amblyommatis and are potential vectors of the cattle pathogen Anaplasma marginale (7). To determine the presence of tickborne bacteria of the genus Ehrlichia in questing A. neumanni ticks in northwestern Argentina, we performed phylogenetic analyses on Anaplasmataceaepositive tick DNA samples. All procedures were approved by the Ethics and Biosafety Committee of the Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Esperanza, Argentina.
During May 2018 (late autumn), we collected free-living ticks by dragging and by using dry icebaited traps in Dean Funes (30°22′S, 64°21′W) and San José de la Dormida (30°21′S, 63°58′W), Córdoba Province, Argentina. Both sites are located in the Chaco Seco ecoregion. We identified all ticks by using standard taxonomic keys (7) and individually processed them for DNA extraction by using a boiling method (8). We screened DNA extracts for Anaplasmataceae by real-time PCR targeting the 16S rRNA gene, as previously described (9). We further tested samples positive for Anaplasmataceae by amplification of Ehrlichia genes dsb and groESL, as described elsewhere (5). We sequenced all amplicons and performed phylogenetic analyses with the maximum-likelihood method.
We collected 229 ticks from Dean Funes (70 adults, 159 nymphs) and 62 from San José de la Dormida (24 adults, 38 nymphs) and identified all ticks as A. neumanni. Only 1 adult tick from San José de la Dormida was positive for Anaplasmataceae by PCR. Further analysis of that sample resulted in 2 sequences of 355 bp (dsb) and 784 bp (groESL). Phylogenetic analysis of the dsb sequence (GenBank accession no. MN176580) showed that the A. neumanni tick was infected with a species of Ehrlichia, which we named Ehrlichia sp. strain La Dormida, closely related to E. ruminantium (82.0%, GenBank accession no. CR925677) (Figure, panel A). Other ehrlichiae from South America included in the analysis, such as Ehrlichia sp. strain Córdoba from Argentina (78.0%, GenBank accession no. KY413807) and Ehrlichia sp. strain Natal from Brazil (79.3%, GenBank accession no. KY207546), were placed in a clade sister to the group formed by Ehrlichia sp. strain La Dormida and E. ruminantium. Furthermore, the phylogenetic analysis performed by using the groESL sequence (GenBank accession no. MN176581) confirmed these results (Figure, panel B).
Several recent studies conducted in South America reported finding novel ehrlichial agents infecting jaguars, horses, crab-eating foxes, opossums, sloths, and peccaries (6). Unfortunately, only short dsb sequences are available for those ehrlichiae from South America. Phylogenetic analysis including these sequences (210 positions included in the final dataset) placed them all together in a clade sister to the group formed by Ehrlichia sp. strain La Dormida and E. ruminantium (Appendix Figure, https://wwwnc.cdc. gov/EID/article/26/5/19-0940-App1.pdf).
Ehrlichia sp. strain La Dormida, associated with A. neumanni ticks, circulates in rural areas of northwestern Argentina. In our phylogenetic analyses, Ehrlichia sp. strain La Dormida genotype was unique and well separated from all other available ehrlichial sequences, suggesting that it could represent a distinct species yet to be properly characterized. In addition, these analyses positioned Ehrlichia sp. strain La Dormida in a separate group together with E. ruminantium. The species E. ruminantium is native to the Africa continent, where it is the etiologic agent of heartwater, a tickborne disease of major economic relevance with regard to domestic ruminants throughout sub-Saharan Africa (10). Besides E. ruminantium, the only other species of Ehrlichia known to naturally infect and cause clinical manifestations of ehrlichiosis in cattle is E. minasensis (3). However, E. minasensis is phylogenetically distant from E. ruminantium and closely related to E. canis genotypes (3).
We report A. neumanni ticks as a potential vector of Ehrlichia sp. strain La Dormida. Because it is assumed that bacteria of the genus Ehrlichia are not transmitted transovarially in ticks (1), infection with Ehrlichia must be acquired during feeding of immature ticks, which then pass the infection to adults by transstadial transmission. Regarding E. ruminantium, wild African ruminants are reservoirs Phylogenetic trees were constructed by using MEGA 7.0 (https://www.megasoftware.net), and best-fitting substitution models were determined with the Akaike Information Criterion, using the maximum-likelihood model test. Numbers represent bootstrap support generated from 1,000 replications. GenBank accession numbers are shown in parentheses. Boldface indicates the strain identified in this study. Scale bars indicate nucleotide substitutions/site.
A multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype Anatum strain reported in Taiwan was isolated in the United States from patients and from seafood imported from Asia. Isolates harbored 11 resistance determinants, including quinolone and inducible cephalosporin resistance genes. Most patients had traveled to Asia. These findings underscore the need for global One Health resistance surveillance. of the bacteria (10). The novel Ehrlichia sp. strain La Dormida is phylogenetically related to the ruminant pathogen E. ruminantium and represents a potential risk for veterinary and public health because A. neumanni ticks parasitize domestic and wild ruminants and bite humans.