Mycobacterium bovis Pulmonary Tuberculosis after Ritual Sheep Sacrifice in Tunisia

A woman in France was diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis after a ritual sheep sacrifice in her home country of Tunisia. This investigation sheds light on ritual sacrifice of sheep as a circumstance in which religious tradition and practices can expose millions of Muslims worldwide to this disease.

M ycobacterium bovis is historically responsible for zoonotic, deadly tuberculosis and has seemingly reemerged in countries where it had previously vanished following eradication programs in cattle and the pasteurization of dairy products (1)(2)(3). In most cases, M. bovis tuberculosis results from consuming unpasteurized milk; extrapulmonary disease is thus the most frequent clinical manifestation (4)(5)(6). Also, M. bovis could be an airborne zoonotic pathogen causing pulmonary tuberculosis (7). In western Europe countries, most of M. bovis human tuberculosis cases are seen in migrants and are associated with travel to the country of origin (4,5,8,9). M. bovis tuberculosis is traced to animal sources, yet reporting of clinical signs and symptoms is often delayed (3). The observation of a woman affected by M. bovis tuberculosis who participated in a precisely dated religious practice involving sheep slaughtering provided an opportunity to shed light on these medical aspects.
A 43-year-old unemployed woman born in Tunisia emigrated to France in 2000, married, and had 2 children. The patient had no underlying chronic condition, no medical history, no treatment, no history of smoking, and no toxic habits. She had received the bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine during childhood. Her last trip to Tunis and surrounding areas was during July 10-August 28, 2018. The patient denied any contacts with ill persons during her stay. She participated in the Aid-el-Kebir (the Great Festival) Muslim festivities on August 22-23, 2018. After the ritual, her husband slaughtered a veterinary-uncontrolled sheep outside the house by cutting through its neck in an open place and then insufflating air beneath the skin of the dead animal using bellows before butchering the viscera, including lungs, heart, liver, and kidneys, which were put into a container while the digestive tract was put separately into another container. His wife then washed the lungs and the other viscera for ≈2 hours in a confined kitchen, cooked them, and consumed them with her family; she did not experience any injury while butchering the animal.
After her return to France, the patient was apyretic with productive cough, fatigue, and anorexia, which started exactly 22 days after the Aid-el-Kebir festivities ended. The patient attributed symptoms to allergy and did not consult with a healthcare professional. In December 2018, her respiratory tract symptoms persisted; she also developed fatigue, fever, and night sweats and consulted a general practitioner. In January 2019, a computerized tomodensitometry scan confirmed an abscess in the inferior lobe of the patient's left lung with thick walls and an infiltrate in the lower lobe of the right lung. The patient reported fever, cough, expectoration, and anorexia, and lost 5 kg within 1 month (body mass index 15); we found crackles in both the left inferior and right superior lobes. She did not report hemoptysis, and her physical examination was otherwise unremarkable. Blood examination showed an iron deficiency in microcytic anemia, and her leukocyte count was normal. We performed a GenExpert assay (Cepheid, https://www.cepheid.com) and detected M. tuberculosis complex DNA in 1 sputum sample; we cultured the M. tuberculosis complex CSURQ0209 strain. None of the patient's other family members had any pulmonary symptoms at any time, and their chest radiographs results were normal. Before the precise M. bovis identification was known, we administered to the patient a daily oral regimen of rifampin (480 mg), isoniazid (200 mg), pyrazinamide (1,200 mg), and ethambutol (1,000 mg) for 2 months, followed by rifampin (600 mg/d) and isoniazid (300 mg/d) for 4 additional months, with favorable clinical and radiological outcomes and excellent tolerance. Wholegenome sequence analysis of strain CSURQ0209 (GenBank accession no. PRJEB39431) showed that it grouped more proximately with 1 M. bovis strain isolated from a patient from Algeria (Figure).
In this case, slaughtering a sheep during the annual ritual Aid-el-Kebir festivities was a probable source of infection, although no animal remains were available to confirm this hypothesis. Genome sequence analysis confirmed the identification of M. bovis, clustering with isolates from Algeria, in the absence of any other sequence from Tunisia. These results reinforced that this patient had been infected in her native country. During previous years, the festivities took place at the time the family was in France, and no animal sacrifice was performed on these occasions.
Transmission of M. bovis may occur during slaughtering through the inhalation of aerosols exhaled by infected animals (9). In this case, the patient was most likely infected by aerosols after prolonged manipulation of the crude viscera. This case potentially concerns millions of Muslim persons worldwide. Our findings indicate that, in countries where ritual animal sacrifices take place, health authorities may want to work with religious authorities to advocate veterinary inspection of slaughtered animals to discard viscera from animals with suspected tuberculosis, in phase with the current World Health Organization roadmap against zoonotic tuberculosis (10).

About the Author
Mr. Saad is a PhD student at Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France, with interest in developing appropriate methods for the real-time genomics diagnosis of mycobacterial infections, including tuberculosis.

Urogenital Schistosomiasis in Fisherman, Nepal, 2019
Ranjit Sah, Jürg Utzinger, Andreas Neumayr W e report the case of a 34-year-old male patient from Siraha District, Nepal, in the outer Terai Region bordering India. The patient was referred to us in October 2019 by his regional hospital because of a diagnosed microhematuria and reported intermittently observed episodes of macrohematuria. The patient reported no relevant medical history and had never traveled abroad other than to visit neighboring districts in Nepal and across the border to India. He earned his living as a fisherman.
Results of the physical examination were unremarkable. Laboratory test results showed a white cell count within reference ranges with mild eosinophilia (14%; 728 cells/µL) and unremarkable results for renal and liver function tests. Urine analysis confirmed microhematuria, and microscopic examination of the urine sediment showed very few but typical trematode eggs, resembling those of Schistosoma haematobium, the causative agent of urogenital schistosomiasis (1) (Figure, panel A). An abdominal ultrasound examination revealed diffuse bladder wall thickening, which was confirmed by computed tomography (Figure, panel B).
After praziquantel treatment (40 mg/kg for 3 d), hematuria resolved, and no more eggs were detectable at follow-up 2 weeks later.
Although several zoonotic schistosome species have been reported from the Indian subcontinent, human-pathogenic schistosome species are considered absent from the region (2) because none of the known intermediate host snails involved in the lifecycle of human-pathogenic schistosome species are present. Nevertheless, some reports of parasitologic confirmed autochthonously acquired infections