Early Release

Synopses

• Outbreak of Legionnaires’ Disease Linked to Newly Installed Residential Water Heaters, the Netherlands, 2022–2023
  D. Reukers et al. View Abstract

  During 2022–2023, two small Legionnaires’ disease (LD) clusters (2 and 4 cases) occurred in 2 residential apartment buildings in the Netherlands. All case-patients recently installed a new brand A water heater. Environmental sampling revealed Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 sequence type 37 in the hot water system of each case-patient’s apartment, matching 1 clinical isolate. We conducted a case–control study to evaluate whether brand A water heaters were linked to cases in the 2 clusters. We identified 23 LD case-patients, 21 of whom had a brand A water heater installed <6 months before illness onset. Four cases had a genotypic match between clinical and environmental isolates; none of 31 control-patients had recently installed a water heater. Analyses showed that LD cases were strongly associated with new brand A water heaters (OR 542 [95% CI 24.76–11,854.03]); the manufacturer implemented control measures. Residential water heaters could serve as L. pneumophila transmission sources.

• HTLV-1 mother-to-child transmission ­ Emerging risk with breastfeeding support in HIV-infected women
  A. Meybeck et al.
• Epidemiology and Clinical Features of Balamuthia mandrillaris Infection, China
  T. Yang et al.
• Trichinellosis outbreak linked to undercooked bear jerky — North Carolina, 2024
  C. D. Gowler et al.

Research

• Clinical Predictors of Fatal Outcomes in Human Leptospirosis, Thailand, 2015–2024
  U. Limothai et al.
• Adeno-Associated Virus Type 2 and Human Adenovirus Species F Type 41 Co-infection Associated with Acute Severe Hepatitis in Children, California, USA
  R. Zhuo et al. View Abstract

  Since late 2021, clusters of acute severe hepatitis of unknown etiology in previously healthy children, including some requiring liver transplantation, have been reported worldwide. Co-infection with adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV2) and human adenovirus species F type 41 (HAdV-F41) has been identified in most cases. Global incidence peaked in 2022, and pediatric liver failure involving co-infection with AAV2 and HAdV-F41 has remained rare in recent years. We report 2 cases of pediatric liver failure associated with AAV2 and HAdV-F41 in California, USA, in March 2024 and January 2025. The patients had high adenovirus loads (393,000 and 480,000 copies/mL), extended adenovirus viremia (2 and 3.5 months), and high AAV2 viral loads (1.3 and 1.0 × 10⁶ copies/mL). One patient required liver transplantation; both patients recovered. Our findings underscore the need for heightened physician awareness and expanded surveillance to identify and characterize new cases, improve understanding of underlying pathophysiology, clarify risk factors, and inform therapeutic strategies.

• Molecular Epidemiology of Scapular Skin Snips and Risk Factors for Mansonella streptocerca, Gabon
  C. Sicard et al.
• National Surveillance of Enterovirus D68 Upsurge, France, 2024
  M. Jeannoël et al.
• Prognostic Value of PCR Cycle Threshold in Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever, Iraq, 2022–2023
  R. I. Khaleel et al.
• Predictive Approach to Mapping Angiostrongylus cantonensis Nematode Distribution, Canary Islands, Spain
  L. Anettová et al.
• Qualitative Risk Assessment of Infectious Agents Associated with Canine Importation into Canada, 2023–2024
  V. Leung et al.
• Investigation of donor-transmitted Strongyloides stercoralis infections in recipients of solid organ transplants, 2012–2024
  K. R. Gainor et al.

Dispatches

• Nipah Virus Shedding in Urine from Fruit Bats, Sri Lanka, 2018–2019
  C. Kohl et al.
• Phormia regina Fly as Vector for Ignatzschineria spp. Bacteremia in Persons Experiencing Homelessness, Canada, 2025
  E. Finlayson-Trick et al. View Abstract

  Ignatzschineria spp. bacteria are emerging pathogens whose vectors historically have not been clearly identified. We used molecular methods to establish a relationship between the black blow fly (Phormia regina) and human Ignatzschineria bacteremia in persons experiencing homelessness in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, validating a novel transmission pathway in a vulnerable urban population.

• Trends in Congenital Syphilis Cases by Maternal Country of Birth, Spain, 2016–2024
  V. Hernando et al.
• Vascularized Iris Mass as Sentinel Manifestation of Syphilis in Patient with HIV Infection, Spain, 2025
  M. Caminal-Caramés et al.
• Cluster of Human Tanapox Cases in Wildlife Reserve, South Africa, 2024
  M. Birkhead et al.
• Cat Scratch Disease Associated with Acute Hearing Loss
  M. Yakubovsky et al.
• Recurrent Facial Folliculitis Caused by Klebsiella aerogenes ST117 in Men who Have Sex with Men
  G. Monsel et al.
• Complete Mitochondrial Genomes and Prevalence of Angiostrongylus cantonensis Detected From Oral Swabs of Rattus rattus Collected in 2022-2023 in the Manombo Special Reserve, Southeastern Madagascar
  S. F. Randrianarisoa et al.
• Household Transmission of Enterovirus D68, Washington and Oregon, United States, 2022–2024
  P. Roychoudhury et al.

Research Letters

• Detection and Early Genomic Insights into Chikungunya Virus in Bolivia, 2025
  J. A. Chuquimia Valdez et al.
• Emergence of West African Human T-Lymphotropic Virus 1aC Subgroup, Brazilian Amazon
  J. de Melo Silva et al.
• Chikungunya Outbreak, Cuba, July 2025
  M. M. Perez et al.
• Human pulmonary dirofilariasis in the context of pulmonary adenocarcinoma, 
North Queensland, Australia, 2023
  K. Murray et al.
• Ancylostoma ceylanicum Hookworm, Rural Papua New Guinea, 2020
  J. L. Scott et al.
• Clustered Outbreak of Acute External Ophthalmomyiasis Caused by Oestrus Ovis in Algeria, 2025
  Y. Zeng et al.
• Ocular Dirofilariasis caused by Dirofilaria repens, discovered in the New World
  B. J. Glasgow et al.

Etymologia

• Fasciolopsis buski [fas″-ē-ō-lōp′sis buh′-skī]
  M. Calatri

Online Report

• Inconsistent Strategies to Mitigate the Effects of Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans, Europe
  P. Böning et al.

Supplement

• Implementation and Early Outcomes of Laboratory Proficiency Testing Program for National Wastewater Surveillance System, USA, 2024
  H. Dutcher et al.
• Evaluation of Detection Methods for Wastewater Surveillance of Antimicrobial-Resistant Bacteria from Healthcare Facilities
  E. Warren et al.
• A MultiPartner Effort to Launch and Sustain Wastewater Surveillance in the United States
  J. Yoder et al.

Dispatches

• Camel Prion Disease, Tataouine, Tunisia, 2019–2021
  A. Amara et al.
• Integrated One Health Surveillance for Filovirus circulation in Border Communities of Cameroon Following the 2023 Equatorial Guinea Marburg Outbreak
  J. Ramassamy et al.
• Isolation of Infectious Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Virus from Fetal Bovine Serum, United States, 2025
  A. R. Rebelo et al.

Research Letter

• Multifarm Outbreak of Novel Parvovirus in Pigs Associated with Exophthalmos and Erythema, the Netherlands, 2024
  T. J. Tobias et al.