Volume 11, Number 3—March 2005
Perspective
Fly Transmission of Campylobacter
Gordon L. Nichols*
Table
Risk factors that might affect Campylobacter seasonality*
| Risk factor | Outbreaks | Evidence of seasonality | Credibility as the main seasonal driver |
|---|---|---|---|
| Barbecuing | Yes | Medium | Low |
| Birds | Yes | Strong | Low |
| Bottled water | No | None | Low |
| Chicken | Yes | Medium | Medium |
| Cross-contamination | Yes | None | None |
| Domestic catering | No | None | None |
| Farm visit | Yes | None | None |
| Farm animals | Yes | Weak | Low |
| Flies | No | Strong | High |
| Food handlers | Yes | None | None |
| Food packaging | No | None | None |
| Immunologic response | No | Weak | None |
| Mains supply drinking water | Yes | None | None |
| Nosocomial | Yes | None | None |
| Pets | No | Weak | Low |
| Pools, lakes, streams | No | None | None |
| Private drinking water supplies | Yes | Weak | None |
| Protozoa | No | None | Low |
| Salads and fruit | Yes | Weak | Low |
| Stir-fried food | Yes | None | None |
| The countryside | No | Weak | Medium |
| Transmission in families | Yes | None | None |
| Travel abroad | No | None | None |
| Unpasteurized milk | Yes | Weak | None |
| Weather/climate | No | Medium | Medium |
*Evidence base provided in Appendix.
