Emerging Infectious Disease ISSN: 1080-6059

Emergence of Increased Resistance and Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Despite Treatment Adherence, South Africa

Alistair D. Calver¹, Alecia A. Falmer¹, Megan Murray, Odelia J. Strauss, Elizabeth M. Streicher, Madelene Hanekom, Thelma Liversage, Mothusi Masibi, Paul D. van Helden, Robin M. Warren, and Thomas C. Victor

Author affiliations: West Vaal Hospital, Orkney, South Africa (A.D. Calver, T. Liversage, M. Masibi); Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa (A.A. Falmer, O.J. Strauss, E.M. Streicher, M. Hanekom, P.D. van Helden, R.M. Warren, T.C. Victor); Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (M. Murray)

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Figure 2

Phylogenetic history of the largest multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR TB) cluster, South Africa, 2003–2005. Genetic data from isolates from 40 of the 42 case-patients were analyzed. The phylogenetic tree was constructed by using the neighbor joining algorithm (PAUP 4.0*; Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA, USA) and was rooted to the H37Rv wild-type DNA sequence (ANC) (20). The gene and the codon conferring resistance are indicated at the internal node where they occurred. Bootstrap values ar

Figure 2. Phylogenetic history of the largest multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR TB) cluster, South Africa, 2003–2005. Genetic data from isolates from 40 of the 42 case-patients were analyzed. The phylogenetic tree was constructed by using the neighbor joining algorithm (PAUP 4.0*; Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA, USA) and was rooted to the H37Rv wild-type DNA sequence (ANC) (20). The gene and the codon conferring resistance are indicated at the internal node where they occurred. Bootstrap values are shown in brackets at the internal nodes. The sequential evolution of resistance to HRZE and Ofx is indicated. The date of MDR TB diagnosis follows each case number. The 3 XDR TB cases are indicated in boldface. H, isoniazid, R, rifampin, E, ethambutol, Z, pyrazinamide, Ofx, ofloxacin.

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¹These authors contributed equally to this article.

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