*Presence of nucleic acid or antigen in semen does not represent the presence of replication-competent or infection-competent virus, which can generally only be demonstrated by isolation and culture of virus. Maximum detection time refers to time from symptom onset (only in viruses that cause acute only, not chronic, infection). A complete table with references is provided in the Technical Appendix). AD, antigen detection; Epi, epidemiologic evidence of sexual transmission; mol, molecular/phylogenetic evidence of sexual transmission; NAA, nucleic acid amplification or detection; RAS, replication in animal system; RCC, replication in cell culture; sem, isolation from semen.
†Data found only in the context of case reports and not case series, case control, or cohort studies.