Volume 5, Number 1—February 1999
Perspective
Socioeconomic and Behavioral Factors Leading to Acquired Bacterial Resistance to Antibiotics in Developing Countries
Iruka N. Okeke*, Adebayo Lamikanra*, and Robert Edelman†
Table 1
Pathogens with a steadily increasing prevalence of acquired antibiotic resistance in developing tropical countries
| Pathogen | Drug(s) | Country (years) | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Shigella flexneri, S. dysenteriae | ampicillin, tetracycline, sulfonamides (alone or with trimethoprim), nalidixic acid | Bangladesh (1983-1990) Brazil (1988-1993) Rwanda (1983-1993) Thailand (1981-1995) | (6) (7) (8) (5) |
| Vibrio cholerae | cotrimethoxazole, nalidixic acid, ampicillin | Guinea-Bissau (1987-1995) India (1993-1995) | (9) (10) |
| Salmonella typhi | ampicillin, chloramphenicol, cotrimethoxazole | Bangladesh (1989-1993) | (3) |
| Salmonella (nontyphoidal) | cotrimethoxazole | Thailand (1981-1995) | (5) |
| Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli | cotrimethoxazole | Thailand (1981-1995) | (5) |
| Campylobacter | fluoroquinolones | Thailand (1987-1995) | (5) |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | isoniazid, streptomycin, rifampicin (primary resistance) | Kenya (1981-1990) Morocco (1992-1994) | (11) (12) |
