Volume 6, Number 4—August 2000
Perspective
Migratory Birds and Spread of West Nile Virus in the Western Hemisphere
John H. Rappole*
, Scott R. Derrickson*, and Zdenek Hubálek†
, Scott R. Derrickson*, and Zdenek Hubálek†Table 1
Trans-Atlantic migration of avian species from Eurasia to the eastern United States
| Species | Possible mode(s) of entry (reference) | Documentation of exposure to West Nile virus |
|---|---|---|
| Cory's Shearwater | Vagrant (33) | |
| Calonectris diomedea | ||
| Manx Shearwater | Vagrant (33) | |
| Puffinus puffinus | ||
| Wilson's Storm-Petrel | Vagrant (33) | |
| Oceanites oceanicus | ||
| Band-rumped Storm-Petrel | Vagrant (33) | |
| Oceanodroma castro | ||
| Northern Gannet | Vagrant (33) | |
| Morus bassanus | ||
| Gray Heron | Vagrant (33) | 34 |
| Ardea cinerea | ||
| Little Egret | Vagrant (33) | |
| Egretta garzetta | ||
| Cattle Egret | Vagrant (33) | 35 |
| Bubulcus ibis | ||
| Greylag Goose (domestic) | Pet and domestic bird trade | 18 |
| Anser anser | ||
| Falcated Duck | Pet trade, zoos, vagrant (33) | |
| Anas falcata | ||
| Eurasian Wigeon | Migration (32), pet trade, zoos | |
| Anas penelope | ||
| Mallard (domestic) | Pet and domestic bird trade | 18,24 |
| Anas platyrhynchos | ||
| Garganey | Migration (32), pet trade, zoos | |
| Anas querquedula | ||
| Green-winged Teal | Migration (32) | |
| Anas crecca | ||
| Tufted Duck | Migration (32) | |
| Aythya fuligula | ||
| Eurasian Kestrel | Vagrant (33) | 18,36 |
| Falco tinnunculus | ||
| Jungle Fowl (domestic) | Domestic bird trade | 18,35 |
| Gallus gallus | ||
| Quail | Domestic bird trade | 36 |
| Coturnix coturnix | ||
| Northern Lapwing | Vagrant (33) | 22 |
| Vanellus vanellus | ||
| Wood Sandpiper | Vagrant (33) | 36 |
| Tringa glareola | ||
| Little Stint | Vagrant (33) | 36 |
| Calidris minuta | ||
| Curlew Sandpiper | Vagrant (33) | |
| Calidris ferruginea | ||
| Ruff | Migration (33) | |
| Philomachus pugnax | ||
| Little Gull | Migration (33) | |
| Larus minutus | ||
| Black-headed Gull | Migration (33) | 22 |
| Larus ridibundus | ||
| Black-tailed Gull | Vagrant (33) | |
| Larus crassirostris | ||
| Yellow-legged Gull | Vagrant (33) | |
| Larus cachinnans | ||
| Common Tern | Vagrant (39) | |
| Sterna hirundo | ||
| Rock Dove (domestic) | Pet trade | 18,24,38 |
| Columba livia | ||
| Oriental Turtle-Dove | Pet trade | |
| Streptopelia orientalis | ||
| European Turtle-Dove | Pet trade | 16,22,35 |
| Streptopelia turtur | ||
| Eurasian Collared-Dove | Pet trade | 35 |
| Streptopelia decaocto |
