Volume 6, Number 4—August 2000
Perspective
Migratory Birds and Spread of West Nile Virus in the Western Hemisphere
John H. Rappole*
, Scott R. Derrickson*, and Zdenek Hubálek†
, Scott R. Derrickson*, and Zdenek Hubálek†Table 2
Species that breed in temperate or boreal North America, by migrating route
| Speciesa | Southeast | Circum-Gulf | Trans-Gulf | Caribbean/North Atlantic |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Double-crested Cormorant | + | |||
| Phalacrocorax auritus | ||||
| Cattle Egret | + | + | ||
| Bubulcus ibis | ||||
| Black-crowned | + | + | ||
| Night Heronb | ||||
| Nycticorax nycticorax | ||||
| Turkey Vulture | + | + | ||
| Cathartes aura | ||||
| Gadwall | + | |||
| Anas strepera | ||||
| American Wigeon | + | + | + | |
| Anas americana | ||||
| American Black Duck | + | |||
| Anas rubripes | ||||
| Mallard | + | |||
| Anas platyrhynchos | ||||
| Blue-winged Teal | + | + | + | |
| Anas discors | ||||
| Northern Shoveler | + | + | + | |
| Anas clypeata | ||||
| Northern Pintail | + | + | + | |
| Anas acuta | ||||
| Green-winged Teal | + | + | ||
| Anas crecca | ||||
| Canvasback | + | + | + | |
| Aythya valisineria | ||||
| Redhead | + | |||
| Aythya americana | ||||
| Ring-necked Duck | + | + | + | + |
| Aythya collaris | ||||
| Lesser Scaup | + | + | + | |
| Aythya affinis | ||||
| American Coot | + | + | + | |
| Fulica americana | ||||
| Red Knot | + | |||
| Calidris canutus | ||||
| Sanderling | + | + | + | |
| Calidris alba | ||||
| Semipalmated Sandpiper | + | + | ||
| Calidris pusilla | ||||
| Western Sandpiper | + | + | + | |
| Calidris mauri | ||||
| Least Sandpiper | + | + | + | |
| Calidris minutilla | ||||
| Short-billed Dowitcher | + | + | + | |
| Limnodromus griseus | ||||
| Laughing Gull | + | + | + | + |
| Larus atricilla | ||||
| Ring-billed Gull | + | + | + | + |
| Larus delawarensis | ||||
| Herring Gull | + | + | ||
| Larus argentatus | ||||
| Common Tern | + | + | + | |
| Sterna hirundo | ||||
| Black Tern | + | |||
| Chlidonias niger | ||||
| Rock Dove | + | |||
| Columba livia | ||||
| Chimney Swift | + | |||
| Chaetura pelagica | ||||
| American Crow | + | |||
| Corvus brachyrhynchos | ||||
| Fish Crow | + | |||
| Corvus ossifragus | ||||
| Purple Martin | + | |||
| Progne subis | ||||
| Barn Swallow | + | |||
| Hirundo rustica | ||||
| American Robin | + | |||
| Turdus americanus | ||||
| European Starling | + | |||
| Sturnus vulgaris | ||||
| Red-winged Blackbird | + | |||
| Agelaius phoeniceus | ||||
| Common Grackle | + | |||
| Quiscalus quiscula |
a Species whose members potentially form large, dense flocks at feeding or roosting sites in or near wetlands during migration through the New York City area are listed according to migration route. Note that populations of the same species can follow different routes to different wintering destinations.
b Species documented as having been infected during the recent epizootic event are shown in bold (6).
