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Volume 9, Number 6—June 2003
Letter

Corynebacterium ulcerans Diphtheria in Japan

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To the Editor: Corynebacterium ulcerans causes a zoonotic infection similar to diphtheria, which is caused by C. diphtheriae. Studies indicate that signs and symptoms of a diphtheria-like illness caused by C. ulcerans are milder than those caused by C. diphtheriae. However, some strains of C. ulcerans produce potent diphtheria toxin and may cause severe symptoms similar to those caused by C. diphtheriae (1). We report a case of a diphtheria-like illness caused by C. ulcerans infection.

A previously healthy 52-year-old woman first noticed hoarseness approximately 3 days before admission to the hospital. On February 16, 2001, severe dyspnea and fever developed, and the patient was referred to the emergency room of the Asahi General Hospital by her private practitioner. Physical examination indicated a large stridor, which could be heard without using a stethoscope. Cyanosis was not observed. The endoscopic examination showed a thick white coat covering the nasopharynx and laryngeal vestibulum, and subglottic constriction was also observed. A chest x-ray showed diffuse infiltrates in both lungs. Pertinent laboratory findings on admission included leukocyte count of 16.8 x 103/μL and C-reactive protein of 20.0 mg/dL. The serum level of liver transaminase was normal, and both Wassermann reaction and anti-HIV antibody tests were negative. Pharyngolaryngitis and pneumonia was diagnosed in the patient. Because of severe dyspnea, intubation was performed, which caused sudden and unexpected exacerbation of the condition. Severe cyanosis subsequently developed. Extubation was immediately performed, and a thick white material was found to be filling the lumen of the endotracheal tube. Reintubation was performed, and dyspnea subsided. The patient was hospitalized in the intensive-care unit. Sulbactam sodium/ampicillin sodium (6 g per day) was intravenously administered for 4 days; however, the symptoms were not much improved. The symptoms were most consistent with those of diphtheria. Therefore, the patient was subsequently placed on erythromycin (1.0 g/day) and quickly responded to this treatment without administration of diphtheria antiserum. Erythromycin was intravenously administered at 1 g per day for 9 days, then orally administered at 1,200 mg per day for the next 14 days. Throughout the hospitalization, no complication occurred, and no abnormalities were noted in the electrocardiograms or in the patient’s neurologic status. The patient was discharged uneventfully, and no serious sequelae were noted for 20 months. History of immunization for diphtheria was not known.

After the hospitalization for this acute illness, a laboratory report showed that C. ulcerans was cultured from the thick white coat of the throat. No other bacteria were found. The National Institute of Infectious Diseases in Tokyo later confirmed identification of the bacteria. By using Elek’s test, Vero cell toxicity, and polymerase chain reaction for toxigene, this strain of C. ulcerans was proven to produce diphtheria toxin identical to C. diphtheriae (24). Although administering appropriate antibiotics as well as antitoxin is a standard of care for patients with diphtheria, antitoxin was not given to this patient because of her rapid response to the erythromycin therapy.

C. ulcerans infections in humans occur after drinking unpasteurized milk or coming in contact with dairy animals or their waste (5,6). However, person-to-person transmission of C. ulcerans has not been reported, and in some cases, the route of transmission is not clear (7). Recently, C. ulcerans-producing diphtheria toxin was isolated in the United Kingdom from cats with nasal discharge (8).

Our patient did not have direct contact with dairy livestock or unpasteurized dairy products; however, more than 10 dairy farms are scattered around her home. Moreover, she kept nearly 20 cats in her house and had been scratched by a stray cat a week before illness developed. This stray cat, which had rhinorrhea and sneezing, had wandered into her house. The stray cat died before the patient became ill, and no further investigation could be made. Stray cats might well be one of the possible carriers of C. ulcerans and might have transmitted the bacteria to this patient. To our knowledge, a case of human infection caused by C. ulcerans has never been reported in Japan. On the basis of current experience, this bacterium does exist in Japan and can potentially cause a serious diphtheria-like illness in humans.

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Akio Hatanaka*, Atsunobu Tsunoda*Comments to Author , Makoto Okamoto*, Kenji Ooe*, Takanori Asakura*, Masashi Miyakoshi*, Takako Komiya†, and Motohide Takahashi†
Author affiliations: *Asahi General Hospital, Chiba, Japan; †National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Chiba, Japan

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References

  1. Kisely  SR, Price  S, Ward  T. Corynebacterium ulcerans’: a potential cause of diphtheria. Commun Dis Rep CDR Rev. 1994;4:R634.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  2. Reinhardt  DJ, Lee  A, Popovic  T. Antitoxin-in-membrane and antitoxin-in-well assays for detection of toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae. J Clin Microbiol. 1998;36:20710.PubMedGoogle Scholar
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  5. Bostock  AD, Gilbert  FR, Lewis  D, Smith  DCM. Corynebacterium ulcerans infection associated with untreated milk. J Infect. 1984;9:2868. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
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Cite This Article

DOI: 10.3201/eid0906.020645

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Table of Contents – Volume 9, Number 6—June 2003

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Please use the form below to submit correspondence to the authors or contact them at the following address:

Atsunobu Tsunoda, Department of Otolaryngology, Asahi General Hospital, Asahi I-1326, Chiba, 289-2511, Japan; fax: 81-479-63-8580

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Page created: December 21, 2010
Page updated: December 21, 2010
Page reviewed: December 21, 2010
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
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