Volume 9, Number 8—August 2003
Research
Invasive Group A Streptococcal Disease: Risk Factors for Adults
Stephanie H. Factor*†
, Orin S. Levine‡, Benjamin Schwartz*, Lee H. Harrison§, Monica M. Farley¶, Allison McGeer#, and Anne Schuchat*
, Orin S. Levine‡, Benjamin Schwartz*, Lee H. Harrison§, Monica M. Farley¶, Allison McGeer#, and Anne Schuchat*Table 4
Individual risk factor and multivariable analysis for risk factors for invasive group A streptococcal disease case-patients and control subjects, matched by age group and zip code, 45+ years old, Atlanta, Baltimore, Toronto, 1997–1999a,b,c
| Variable | Univariate analysis | Multivariable analysis | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case-patients
(n=91) |
Control subjects
(n=196) |
OR (95% CI) |
p value |
OR (95% CI) |
p value |
||||
| Number of
persons
living in
the home |
|||||||||
| 3+
1–2 |
47 (52)
44 (48) |
55 (28)
140 (72) |
2.64 (1.46 to 4.75) |
0.001 |
2.68 (1.37 to 5.28) |
0.004 |
|||
| Any child
living in
the home |
|||||||||
| Yes
No |
31 (34)
60 (66) |
33 (17)
163 (83) |
2.12 (1.11 to 4.05) |
0.02 |
|||||
| Smoke
exposure
Current
smoker
with passive
smoke
exposure |
|||||||||
| 15 (16) |
16 (8) |
2.37 (0.94 to 6.01) |
0.07 |
||||||
| Current
smoker
without
passive
smoke
exposure |
|||||||||
| 12 (13) |
32 (16) |
1.07 (0.49 to 2.33) |
0.86 |
||||||
| Passive
smoke
exposure |
|||||||||
| 19 (21) |
25 (13) |
2.34 (1.08, 5.04) |
0.03 |
||||||
| No smoke
exposure |
|||||||||
| 45 (49) |
123 (63) |
1.00 |
|||||||
| Diabetes
mellitus |
|||||||||
| Yes
No |
28 (31)
62 (69) |
32 (16)
164 (84) |
2.33 (1.22 to 4.45) |
0.01 |
2.27 (1.07 to 4.81) |
0.03 |
|||
| Hypertension |
|||||||||
| Yes
No |
47 (52)
42 (47) |
86 (45)
107 (55) |
1.61 (0.92 to 2.82) |
.10 |
|||||
| Cardiac disease |
|||||||||
| Yes
No |
30 (33)
60 (67) |
24 (12)
172 (88) |
3.09 (1.58, 6.06) |
0.001 |
3.24 (1.40 to 7.51) |
0.006 |
|||
| Chronic
obstructive
pulmonary
disease (COPD) |
|||||||||
| Yes
No |
8 (9)
79 (91) |
2 (1)
193 (99) |
7.85 (1.50 to 41.07) |
0.01 |
|||||
| Cancer |
|||||||||
| Yes
No |
18 (20)
71 (80) |
22 (11)
173 (89) |
2.58 (1.23 to 5.41) |
.01 |
3.54 (1.44 to 8.70) |
0.006 |
|||
| Varicella |
|||||||||
| Yes
No |
1 (1)
85 (99) |
0
191 (100) |
Undefined |
.99 |
|||||
| Cirrhosis |
|||||||||
| Yes
No |
5 (6)
82 (94) |
0
195 (100) |
Undefined |
0.99 |
|||||
| Paralysis |
|||||||||
| Yes
No |
5 (6)
84 (94) |
1 (1)
195 (99) |
11.61 (1.34 to 100.87) |
0.01 |
|||||
| Regular
NSAID
use |
|||||||||
| Yes
No |
43 (48)
46 (52) |
64 (34)
125 (66) |
1.82 (1.06 to 3.14) |
0.03 |
|||||
| New use of
NSAIDs |
|||||||||
| Yes
No |
14 (16)
72 (84) |
14 (7)
178 (93) |
2.13 (0.89 to 5.10) |
0.09 |
|||||
| Use of
cortico-
steroids |
|||||||||
| Yes
No |
9 (10)
77 (90) |
3 (2)
193 (98) |
4.96 (1.26 to 19.62) |
0.02 |
5.18 (1.14, 23.54) |
.03 |
|||
| HIV+ |
|||||||||
| Yes
No |
1 (1)
90 (99) |
2 (1)
194 (99) |
.51 (0.04 to 6.14) |
0.59 |
|||||
| Ever
injected
drugs |
|||||||||
| Yes
No |
6 (7)
78 (93) |
3 (2)
190 (98) |
5.48 (1.00 to 30.09) |
0.05 |
|||||
| Alcohol
use
based on
CAGE
questions |
|||||||||
| CAGE score 0 CAGE score 1 CAGE score 2 CAGE score 3 CAGE score 4 | 42 (78) 5 (9) 2 (4) 3 (6) 2 (4) | 107 (77) 19 (14) 9 (6 ) 4 (3) 0 | 0.95 (0.56 to 1.61) | .86 | |||||
aOR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
bDue to missing data, for some variables, data for fewer than 91 case-patients and 196 control subjects were available.
cAnalyses controlled for race and sex.
