Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link
Volume 19, Number 8—August 2013
Perspective

Norovirus Disease in the United States

Aron J. HallComments to Author , Ben A. Lopman, Daniel C. Payne, Manish M. Patel, Paul A. Gastañaduy, Jan Vinjé, and Umesh D. Parashar
Author affiliations: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA

Main Article

Table 2

Population-based rates of norovirus disease–associated outcomes across all age groups by outcome*

Outcome Study (reference) Country Rate/10,000 population (uncertainty bounds)†
Deaths Scallan et al. (6) United States 0.019 (0.011–0.029)
Hall et al. (9) United States 0.027 (0.023–0.031)
Verhoef et al. (13)
 The Netherlands
 0.040 (0.020–0.070)
Hospitalizations Scallan et al. (6) United States 1.9 (1.1–2.9)
Lopman et al. (10) United States 2.4 (NR)
Verhoef et al. (13)
 The Netherlands
 1.2 (0.5–2)
Emergency department visits
 Gastañaduy et al. (11)
 United States
 13.5 (8.0–18.9)
Outpatient visits Hall et al. (7) United States 64.0 (36.0–120.0)
Gastañaduy et al. (11) United States 57.0 (40.0–74)
Verhoef et al. (13) The Netherlands 92.0 (50.0–150)
Phillips et al. (14) United Kingdom 54.0 (48.0–60)
Tam et al. (15) United Kingdom 21.0 (14.0–30)
Karsten et al. (16)
 Germany
 63.0 (29.0–107)
Total illnesses Scallan et al. (6) United States 698.0 (430.0–1,028)
Hall et al. (7) United States 650.0 (370.0–1,200)
Verhoef et al. (13) The Netherlands 380.0 (264.0–544)
Phillips et al. (14) United Kingdom 450.0 (380.0–520)
Tam et al. (15) United Kingdom 470.0 (391.0–565)
Thomas et al. (17) Canada 1,040.0 (924.0–1,163)

*NR, not reported.
†Uncertainty bounds represent 95% CIs for all studies, except for Scallan at al. (6), Hall et al. (7), and Thomas et al. (17), who used 90% credible intervals.

Main Article

References
  1. Matthews  JE, Dickey  BW, Miller  RD, Felzer  JR, Dawson  BP, Lee  AS, The epidemiology of published norovirus outbreaks: a review of risk factors associated with attack rate and genogroup. Epidemiol Infect. 2012;140:1161–72 and. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  2. Patel  MM, Widdowson  MA, Glass  RI, Akazawa  K, Vinje  J, Parashar  UD. Systematic literature review of role of noroviruses in sporadic gastroenteritis. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14:1224–31 and. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. Yen  C, Hall  AJ. Challenges to estimating norovirus disease burden. J Pediatr Infect Dis Soc. 2013;2:61–2
  4. Mead  PS, Slutsker  L, Dietz  V, McCaig  LF, Bresee  JS, Shapiro  C, Food-related illness and death in the United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 1999;5:607–25 and. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  5. Richardson  C, Bargatze  RF, Goodwin  R, Mendelman  PM. Norovirus virus-like particle vaccines for the prevention of acute gastroenteritis. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2013;12:155–67 and. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  6. Scallan  E, Hoekstra  RM, Angulo  FJ, Tauxe  RV, Widdowson  M-A, Roy  SL, Foodborne illness acquired in the United States—major pathogens. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011;17:7–15 .PubMedGoogle Scholar
  7. Hall  AJ, Rosenthal  M, Gregoricus  N, Greene  SA, Ferguson  J, Henao  OL, Incidence of acute gastroenteritis and role of norovirus, Georgia, USA, 2004–2005. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011;17:1381–8 .PubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. Payne  DC, Vinje  J, Szilagyi  PG, Edwards  KM, Staat  MA, Weinberg  GA, Norovirus and medically attended gastroenteritis in US children. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:1121–30 and. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  9. Hall  AJ, Curns  AT, McDonald  LC, Parashar  UD, Lopman  BA. The roles of Clostridium difficile and norovirus among gastroenteritis-associated deaths in the United States, 1999–2007. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;55:216–23 and. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  10. Lopman  BA, Hall  AJ, Curns  AT, Parashar  UD. Increasing rates of gastroenteritis hospital discharges in US adults and the contribution of norovirus, 1996–2007. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52:466–74 and. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  11. Gastañaduy  PA, Hall  AJ, Curns  AT, Parashar  UD, Lopman  BA. Burden of norovirus gastroenteritis in the ambulatory setting–United States, 2001–2009. J Infect Dis. 2013;207:1058–65 and. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  12. National Center for Health Statistics. National health care surveys, January 24, 2013 [cited 2013 Mar 12]. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/dhcs.htm
  13. Verhoef  L, Koopmans  M, Van Pelt  W, Duizer  E, Haagsma  J, Werber  D, The estimated disease burden of norovirus in the Netherlands. [Epub ahead of print].. Epidemiol Infect. 2012;•••:1–11.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  14. Phillips  G, Tam  CC, Conti  S, Rodrigues  LC, Brown  D, Iturriza-Gomara  M, Community incidence of norovirus-associated infectious intestinal disease in England: improved estimates using viral load for norovirus diagnosis. Am J Epidemiol. 2010;171:1014–22 and. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  15. Tam  CC, Rodrigues  LC, Viviani  L, Dodds  JP, Evans  MR, Hunter  PR, Longitudinal study of infectious intestinal disease in the UK (IID2 study): incidence in the community and presenting to general practice. Gut. 2012;61:69–77 and. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  16. Karsten  C, Baumgarte  S, Friedrich  AW, von Eiff  C, Becker  K, Wosniok  W, Incidence and risk factors for community-acquired acute gastroenteritis in north-west Germany in 2004. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2009;28:935–43 and. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  17. Thomas  MK, Murray  R, Flockhart  L, Pintar  K, Pollari  F, Fazil  A, Estimates of the burden of foodborne illness in Canada for 30 specified pathogens and unspecified agents, circa 2006. Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2013 May 9 [Epub ahead of print]
  18. Patel  MM, Tate  JE, Selvarangan  R, Daskalaki  I, Jackson  MA, Curns  AT, Routine laboratory testing data for surveillance of rotavirus hospitalizations to evaluate the impact of vaccination. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2007;26:914–9 and. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  19. Zheng  DP, Widdowson  MA, Glass  RI, Vinje  J. Molecular epidemiology of genogroup II-genotype 4 noroviruses in the United States between 1994 and 2006. J Clin Microbiol. 2010;48:168–77 and. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  20. Yen  C, Wikswo  ME, Lopman  BA, Vinje  J, Parashar  UD, Hall  AJ. Impact of an emergent norovirus variant in 2009 on norovirus outbreak activity in the United States. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;53:568–71 and. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  21. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Norovirus activity—United States, 2006–2007. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2007;56:842–6 .PubMedGoogle Scholar

Main Article

Page created: July 18, 2013
Page updated: July 18, 2013
Page reviewed: July 18, 2013
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
file_external