TY - JOUR AU - Xiao, Jingyi AU - Shiu, Eunice Y. C. AU - Gao, Huizhi AU - Wong, Jessica AU - Fong, Min AU - Ryu, Sukhyun AU - Cowling, Benjamin T1 - Nonpharmaceutical Measures for Pandemic Influenza in Nonhealthcare Settings—Personal Protective and Environmental Measures T2 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal PY - 2020 VL - 26 IS - 5 SP - 967 SN - 1080-6059 AB - There were 3 influenza pandemics in the 20th century, and there has been 1 so far in the 21st century. Local, national, and international health authorities regularly update their plans for mitigating the next influenza pandemic in light of the latest available evidence on the effectiveness of various control measures in reducing transmission. Here, we review the evidence base on the effectiveness of nonpharmaceutical personal protective measures and environmental hygiene measures in nonhealthcare settings and discuss their potential inclusion in pandemic plans. Although mechanistic studies support the potential effect of hand hygiene or face masks, evidence from 14 randomized controlled trials of these measures did not support a substantial effect on transmission of laboratory-confirmed influenza. We similarly found limited evidence on the effectiveness of improved hygiene and environmental cleaning. We identified several major knowledge gaps requiring further research, most fundamentally an improved characterization of the modes of person-to-person transmission. KW - influenza KW - pandemic influenza KW - influenza virus KW - viruses KW - respiratory infections KW - nonpharmaceutical measures KW - nonhealthcare settings KW - personal protective measures KW - environmental measures KW - public health KW - meta-analysis DO - 10.3201/eid2605.190994 UR - https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/26/5/19-0994_article ER - End of Reference