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Volume 32, Number 1—January 2026

Synopsis

Case Series of Bacteremia Associated with Probiotic Use in Children after Cardiac Surgery, China

Xiaofeng Wang1, Shuo Li1, Da Huo1, Chenyu Li1, Qian Zhang, and Xu WangComments to Author 
Author affiliation: National Center for Cardiovascular Disease and Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (X. Wang, C. Li, Q. Zhang, X. Wang); Peking University First Hospital, Beijing (S. Li); Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing (D. Huo); Capital Medical University School of Public Health, Beijing (D. Huo)

Main Article

Table 1

Demographic characteristics and surgical parameters of 6 patients in study of bacteremia associated with probiotic use in children after cardiac surgery*

Category Patient number
1 2 3 4 5 6
Age/sex
 6 y/F
 8 mo/M
 8 mo/M
 1.5 y/M
 9 mo/F
 13 y/F
Body weight, kg
 21.5
 5.4
 5.1
 11
 7.2
 57
Height, cm
 111
 63
 62
 85
 70
 150
SpO2, %
 80
 86
 92
 91
 100
 78
Cardiac disease
 Single ventricle
 Swiss-cheese VSD
 PAA/TECD/MAPCAs
 mL-TGA; TR
 Dilated cardiomyopathy
 DORV; complications of previous Glenn procedure; TR
Cardiac procedure
 Fontan
 PA-banding
 RV-PA connection
 DSO; tricuspid valvuloplasty
 PA-banding
 Tricuspid valve replacement
Palliative surgery
 Yes
 Yes
 Yes
 No
 Yes
 Yes
Residual deformities
 Pulmonary hypertension
 Increased pulmonary blood flow
 Pulmonary dysplasia; MAPCAs
 Cardiac dysfunction
 Cardiac dysfunction
 COVID-19; pulmonary embolism
Maximum VIS
 29
 9
 14
 26
 8
 11
Vasopressin use
 Yes
 No
 Yes
 Yes
 No
 Yes
Maximum CVP, mm Hg 19 4 9 13 8 12

*Patient 6 died of severe cardiac disease, not attributable to probiotic use. CVP, central venous pressure; DORV, double outlet right ventricle; DSO, double switch operation; MAPCAs, major aortopulmonary collateral arteries; mL-TGA, congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries; PAA, pulmonary artery atresia; PA, pulmonary artery; RV, right ventricle; TECD, total endocardial cushion defect; TR, tricuspid regurgitation; VIS, vasoactive inotropic score; VSD, ventricular septal defect.

Main Article

1These authors contributed equally to this article.

Page created: December 13, 2025
Page updated: January 27, 2026
Page reviewed: January 27, 2026
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
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