Volume 10, Number 6—June 2004
Research
Environmental Exposure and Leptospirosis, Peru
Michael A.S. Johnson*†, Hannah Smith†, Priya Joseph†, Robert H. Gilman*†, Christian T. Bautista*‡, Kalina J. Campos*§, Michelle Cespedes†, Peter Klatsky†, Carlos Vidal¶, Hilja Terry†, Maritza M. Calderon*§, Carlos Coral†, Lilia Cabrera†, Paminder S. Parmar†, and Joseph M. Vinetz#
Table 3
Risk factors associated with leptospiral seropositivity, Belena
| Risk factor |
Prevalence |
Incidence (n = 158) |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p | RR (95% CI) | p | |
| Living in San José |
1.90 (1.27 to 2.83) |
0.002 |
1.88 (0.83 to 4.23) |
0.191 |
| Bathing in the river |
1.75 (1.09 to 2.82) |
0.021 |
2.70 (0.83 to 8.78) |
0.132 |
| Living near the river |
1.58 (1.07 to 2.32) |
0.022 |
1.94 (0.84 to 4.47) |
0.149 |
| Owning a television |
1.55 (1.01 to 2.38) |
0.043 |
1.56 (0.66 to 3.69) |
0.438 |
| Fisherman (male) |
1.57 (0.86 to 2.87) |
0.141 |
1.94 (0.73 to 5.18) |
0.250 |
| Not wearing shoes in the field |
1.63 (0.85 to 3.13) |
0.139 |
2.29 (0.93 to 5.59) |
0.135 |
| Drinking primarily river water |
1.28 (0.82 to 2.01) |
0.272 |
0.91 (0.35 to 2.40) |
0.999 |
| Rats in the workplace |
1.14 (0.52 to 2.48) |
0.740 |
0.79 (0.12 to 5.18) |
0.999 |
| Rats in the home |
1.36 (0.00 to 3.61) |
0.538 |
NA |
NA |
| Dogs in the workplace |
1.12 (0.66 to 1.90) |
0.684 |
1.72 (0.69 to 4.31) |
0.317 |
| Dogs in the home |
0.67 (0.43 to 1.02) |
0.063 |
1.06 (0.46 to 2.44) |
0.891 |
| Pigs in the home |
0.77 (0.38 to 1.53) |
0.452 |
0.44 (0.06 to 3.06) |
0.699 |
| Education (minimal vs. secondary) |
1.37 (0.90 to 2.05) |
0.139 |
1.59 (0.56 to 4.51) |
0.368 |
| Education (secondary vs. superior) |
2.63 (0.58 to 11.96) |
0.207 |
NA |
NA |
| Education (minimal vs. superior) |
3.60 (0.81 to 15.99) |
0.092 |
NA |
NA |
| Positive household member |
1.18 (0.75 to 1.85) |
0.468 |
||
| Multivariate logistic regression for independent risk factors |
||||
| Living in San José |
2.17 (1.39 to 3.37) |
0.001 |
||
| Not wearing shoes in the field | 2.17 (1.1 to 4.05) | 0.015 | ||
aOR, odds ratios; RR, relative risk; CI, confidence interval. CIs and ORs were calculated for adults only (>18 years of age). NA, not applicable.
