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Volume 14, Number 8—August 2008
Dispatch

Oseltamivir Prescribing in Pharmacy-Benefits Database, United States, 2004–20051

Author affiliations: *Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA; †Medco Health Solutions, Inc., Franklin Lakes, New Jersey, USA;

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Abstract

We reviewed information from a US pharmacy benefits manager database from 2004 through 2005 during periods with little influenza activity. We calculated rates of oseltamivir prescriptions to enrollees. Prescription rates increased significantly from 27.3/100,000 in 2004 to 134/100,000 in 2005 (p<0.05), which suggested that personal stockpiling of oseltamivir occurred.

From 2003 through 2006, avian influenza virus (H5N1) spread from Southeast Asia to Africa, Europe, and the Middle East (1), and media coverage about the risk for human infection and the potential for an influenza pandemic increased. Two classes of medications are available to treat influenza: neuraminidase inhibitors (NIs), which include oseltamivir and zanamivir, and adamantanes, which include amantadine and rimantadine (2). NIs are recommended by the World Health Organization for treatment of avian influenza virus (H5N1) infection because isolates have demonstrated adamantane resistance (3). During the fall of 2005, NIs were in limited supply (4).

In 2005, concern was expressed in the medical literature about possible personal stockpiling of NIs for use during an influenza pandemic (5). We undertook this study to look for evidence of oseltamivir stockpiling, to understand the magnitude of the practice, and to discern who was receiving and prescribing these drugs. We collaborated with a pharmacy benefits management company to examine antiviral prescriptions and oseltamivir prescription filling in the United States during calendar weeks 36–44 in 2004 and 2005. These weeks were chosen because they had little influenza activity in either year and because reports of oseltamivir stockpiling occurred during this period in 2005 (69).

The Study

We used a database from Medco Health Solutions, Inc. (Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA), a pharmacy benefits management company serving >50 million US members. We examined filled prescriptions for oseltamivir by members from January 2002 through May 2006. Available member data included demographic information, medication dispensed, prescriber identification, and pharmacy dispensing history. Member-level historic pharmacy dispensing data were used to assign members into chronic disease classifications (10). Prescribers were cross-referenced with an American Medical Association member database to determine specialty and years since medical school graduation. We were able to cross-reference 64% of prescribing physicians by specialty and years since medical school graduation. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Atlanta, GA, USA) determined that institutional review board approval was not needed for this study because we received aggregated data that was anonymous and not identified.

To assess media coverage, we queried the LexisNexis US News database (www.lexisnexis.com) for total weekly news reports from August 1, 2003, through August 30, 2006, referring to avian influenza and oseltamivir. Weekly virologic data from the World Health Organization and National Respiratory and Enteric Virus Surveillance System collaborating laboratories were used to assess US influenza activity during 2004 and 2005 (6,7).

Oseltamivir prescription rates were calculated per 100,000 enrolled members and per 1,000 prescribing physicians. Binomial distributions were used to estimate variances for rates. Relative rate ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for 2004 and 2005 data. P values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. Analyses were performed with SAS version 9.0 statistical software (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA).

Figure 1

Thumbnail of Figure 1&nbsp;-&nbsp;Weekly influenza activity, oseltamivir prescription rates for enrollees of all ages, and LexisNexis references to avian influenza and oseltamivir, United States, 2003–2006. *World Health Organization and National Respiratory and Enteric Virus Surveillance System collaborating laboratories in the United States. †LexisNexis US News database query for weekly news reports referring to “(avian or bird or H5N1) and (flu or influenza) and (Tamiflu or oseltamivir).”

Figure 1. Weekly influenza activity, oseltamivir prescription rates for enrollees of all ages, and LexisNexis references to avian influenza and oseltamivir, United States, 2003–2006. *World Health Organization and National Respiratory and Enteric Virus...

Weekly rates of filled prescriptions for oseltamivir and percentage of samples positive for influenza from October 1, 2002, through June 1, 2006, were temporally associated before the 2005–06 influenza season (Figure 1). During the fall of 2005, prescriptions for oseltamivir increased without an associated increase in the percentage of samples testing positive for influenza. In contrast, during the same period, there was a temporal relationship between weekly oseltamivir prescription rates and media reports of avian influenza and oseltamivir (Figure 1).

The proportion of oseltamivir prescriptions to total anti-influenza prescriptions increased from 37.0% in 2004 to 76.9% in 2005 (Table 1). The 2005 oseltamivir prescription rate of 133/100,000 during weeks 36–44 was ≈5× the 2004 rate of 27.3/100,000 (RR 4.88, 95% CI 4.79–4.97) (Table 1).

Women were more likely to receive oseltamivir prescriptions than men in 2004 (RR 1.19, 95% CI 1.16–1.24) and 2005 (RR 1.07, 95% CI 1.05–1.09). Prescription rates increased from 2004 to 2005 for all age groups (Table 2). The highest prescription rates in 2005 were for persons 50–64 years of age (211/100,000) and those >65 years of age (168/100,000). Members <18 years of age had a >7-fold increase in prescription rates from 2004 to 2005.

Among adults, prescription rates were consistently higher in 2005 than in 2004, irrespective of chronic disease classification (Table 2). In 2005, the highest oseltamivir prescription rate was 268.5/100,000 for enrollees with pulmonary disease, and the lowest rate was 89.5/100,000 for those without chronic disease. The greatest rate increase from 2004 to 2005 occurred among those without chronic disease (RR 6.36, 95% CI 6.10–6.62). Among enrollees of all ages during weeks 36–44 in 2005, approximately one third of oseltamivir prescriptions were filled by members without chronic disease.

Figure 2

Thumbnail of Figure 2&nbsp;-&nbsp;Oseltamivir prescription rates/1,000 prescribers by specialty, United States, weeks 36–44, 2004 and 2005. Infectious diseases classification includes pediatric and adult infectious diseases specialists. All classifications are mutually exclusive. RR, rate ratio; CI, confidence interval.

Figure 2. Oseltamivir prescription rates/1,000 prescribers by specialty, United States, weeks 36–44, 2004 and 2005. Infectious diseases classification includes pediatric and adult infectious diseases specialists. All classifications are mutually exclusive. RR, rate ratio;...

In 2004 and 2005, general internists had the highest average prescribing rate for oseltamivir (45.3/1,000 and 191.1/1,000, respectively) (Figure 2). Pediatricians had the lowest rates in both years (2.9/1,000 and 32.7/1,000).

For all prescribers in 2004 and 2005, oseltamivir prescription rates increased with years since the prescriber’s medical school graduation. The lowest prescription rate in 2005 (1.7/1,000) was observed in prescribers who graduated from medical school in the previous 5 years, followed by prescribers with 5–10 years (4.9/1,000) and 11–19 years (6.6/1,000) since graduation. The highest rate (10.4/1,000) was observed in prescribers with >20 years since graduation.

Conclusions

Rates of filled oseltamivir prescriptions during calendar weeks 36–44 increased from 2004 to 2005. These weeks in 2005 were noteworthy for increased media references to oseltamivir and avian influenza, although there was little influenza activity. Low levels of influenza-like illness and respiratory syncytial virus activity also were documented during this period (6,11).

Among Medco enrollees, the highest prescription rates were for groups with the greatest risk for influenza-associated complications: persons >50 years of age and adults with chronic diseases (2). However, oseltamivir prescription rates increased from 2004 through 2005 for each age and chronic disease category. Although absolute prescription rates were lower in persons <50 years of age, persons without chronic medical diagnoses, and children, these groups had higher rate increases from 2004 to 2005, suggesting that they and their caretakers were influenced to stockpile oseltamivir in 2005.

Physician prescribing rates for all specialties increased from 2004 to 2005. Prescription rates in 2004 were highest for general internists and family practitioners and likely reflect the primary care physician’s gatekeeper role as the entry point for those seeking medical care. Given the nature of their specialty, infectious diseases physicians may be asked to prescribe oseltamivir for personal stockpiles more than the typical provider. Because physicians need not honor all prescription requests, these increases may not be fully explained by increased patient requests because physician attitudes regarding personal stockpiling likely affected whether requests were made or honored.

Our study is subject to limitations. Although we studied a large, national population, our study population may not be nationally representative. In addition, our analyses were limited to prescriptions of oseltamivir that were filled by a pharmacy, and we do not know whether prescriptions were written with the expressed purpose of personal stockpiling for use during a pandemic.

In summary, our findings suggest that increased media reports during the fall of 2005 about the influenza (H5N1) epizootic prompted concern about the possibility of an influenza pandemic. This heightened concern led to an increase in filled oseltamivir prescriptions for personal stockpiling among a national pharmacy benefits member population. Subsequently, as influenza virus began circulating in early 2006, oseltamivir prescriptions corresponded more closely with virus activity. Efforts by federal and state governments to procure sufficient supplies of NIs to treat every patient likely to become ill during the next pandemic may quell demand in personal stockpiles. Education campaigns about appropriate use of antiviral medications that target physicians and patients during seasonal epidemics and pandemics may reduce inappropriate requests for oseltamivir and other drugs.

Dr Ortiz is a clinical fellow in Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine at the University of Washington Medical Center. His primary research interest is the clinical epidemiology of respiratory infections.

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Acknowledgment

We thank Lynnette Brammer, Po-Yung Cheng, Xiaohong Davis, Rosaline Dhara, Jessica Elton, Onnalee A Gomez, Mona Khalid, Laura A. Liedtke, Kelly McNany, Loria A. Pollack, Leslie Sokolow, Larry J Strausbaugh, William W. Thompson, Stanley Wang, and Ben Schwartz for their help with the study.

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References

  1. World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). Update on avian influenza in animals (type H5). Paris: The Organisation; 2006.
  2. Smith  NM, Bresee  JS, Shay  DK, Uyeki  TM, Cox  NJ, Strikas  RA. Prevention and control of influenza: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep. 2006;55:142.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. World Health Organization. Avian influenza A(H5N1)—update 22: first data on patients from Vietnam, clinical data from Hong Kong 1997, susceptibility of H5N1 viruses to antiviral drugs. Vol. 2006. Geneva: The Organization; 2005.
  4. Wright  T. Roche plans big increase in Tamiflu production. The New York Times; 2005 Nov 10:6.
  5. Brett  AS, Zuger  A. The run on Tamiflu: should physicians prescribe on demand? N Engl J Med. 2005;353:26367. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Update: influenza activity—United States and worldwide, 2005–06 season, and composition of the 2006–07 influenza vaccine. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2006;55:64853.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  7. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Update: Influenza activity—United States and worldwide, 2004–05 season. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2005;54:6314.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Increased antiviral medication sales before the 2005–06 influenza season—New York City. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2006;55:2779.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  9. Ortiz  JR, Shay  DK, Liedtke  LA, Bresee  JS, Strausbaugh  LJ. A national survey of the Infectious Diseases Society of America Emerging Infections Network concerning neuraminidase inhibitor prescription practices and pandemic influenza preparations. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43:4947. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  10. Malone  DC, Billups  SJ, Valuck  RJ, Carter  BL. Development of a chronic disease indicator score using a Veterans Affairs Medical Center medication database. IMPROVE Investigators. J Clin Epidemiol. 1999;52:5517. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  11. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Respiratory and enteric virus national trends. Atlanta: The Centers; 2007.

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Figures
Tables

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Cite This Article

DOI: 10.3201/eid1408.080074

1This study was presented, in part, at the Infectious Diseases Society of America annual meeting in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, October 14, 2006, and in poster form at the Options for the Control of Influenza Conference, Toronto, June 17, 2007.

2Current affiliation: University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.

Table of Contents – Volume 14, Number 8—August 2008

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Comments

Please use the form below to submit correspondence to the authors or contact them at the following address:

Justin R. Ortiz, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medical Center, 1959 NE Pacific St, Box 356522, Seattle, WA 98195-6522, USA;

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Page created: July 12, 2010
Page updated: July 12, 2010
Page reviewed: July 12, 2010
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
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