Emerging Infectious Disease ISSN: 1080-6059

Ducks as Sentinels for Avian Influenza in Wild Birds

Anja Globig

, Anette Baumer, Sandra Revilla-Fernández, Martin Beer, Eveline Wodak, Maria Fink, Norbert Greber, Timm C. Harder, Hendrik Wilking, Iris Brunhart, Doris Matthes, Ulf Kraatz, Peter Strunk, Wolfgang Fiedler, Sasan R. Fereidouni, Christoph Staubach, Franz J. Conraths, Chris Griot, Thomas C. Mettenleiter, and Katharina D.C. Stärk

Author affiliations: Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany (A. Globig, M. Beer, T.C. Harder, H. Wilking, U. Kraatz, P. Strunk, S.R. Fereidouni, C. Staubach, F.J. Conraths, T.C. Mettenleiter); Institute of Virology and Immunoprophylaxis, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland (A. Baumer, C. Griot); Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Mödling, Austria (S. Revilla-Fernández, E. Wodak, M. Fink); State of Vorarlberg Veterinary Directorate, Vorarlberg, Austria (N. Greber); Bird Ringing Centre, Radolfzell, Germany (D. Matthes, W. Fiedler); Federal Veterinary Office, Bern, Switzerland (I. Brunhart); Royal Veterinary College, London, UK (K.D.C. Stärk)

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Figure 2

Months with positive results for sentinel birds over a 2-year period at 5 locations in Germany, Switzerland, and Austria. Sites at Lake Constance: Radolfzell, Germany (yellow); Bregenz-Thal, Austria (gray); and Altenrhein, Switzerland (green). Additional sentinel stations at Lake Felchow, Brandenburg, Germany (red), and Isle of Koos, Mecklenburg–Western Pomerania, Germany (blue). Bars indicate the cumulative percentage of sentinel birds tested positive at each of the 5 locations at the time of s

Figure 2. Months with positive results for sentinel birds over a 2-year period at 5 locations in Germany, Switzerland, and Austria. Sites at Lake Constance: Radolfzell, Germany (yellow); Bregenz-Thal, Austria (gray); and Altenrhein, Switzerland (green). Additional sentinel stations at Lake Felchow, Brandenburg, Germany (red), and Isle of Koos, Mecklenburg–Western Pomerania, Germany (blue). Bars indicate the cumulative percentage of sentinel birds tested positive at each of the 5 locations at the time of sampling (maximum 500% at all 5 stations). For example, in December 2006, all sentinel ducks at station 4, but only 30% of sentinels at station 5, were positive at the date of sampling. 1, days 1–15 of month; 2, day 16 through end of month.

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