Emerging Infectious Disease ISSN: 1080-6059

Diversity of Parvovirus 4–like Viruses in Humans, Chimpanzees, and Monkeys in Hunter–Prey Relationships

Cornelia Adlhoch¹, Marco Kaiser¹

, Anna Loewa, Markus Ulrich, Christian Forbrig, Edgard V. Adjogoua, Chantal Akoua-Koffi, Emmanuel Couacy-Hymann, Siv Aina J. Leendertz, Wolfram Rietschel, Christophe Boesch, Heinz Ellerbrok, Bradley S. Schneider, and Fabian H. Leendertz

Author affiliations: Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany (C. Adlhoch, A. Loewa, M. Ulrich, C. Forbrig, H. Ellerbrok, F.H. Leendertz); GenExpress GmbH, Berlin (M. Kaiser); Institut Pasteur Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire (E.V. Adjogoua, C. Akoua-Koffi, E. Couacy-Hymann); Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway (S.A.J. Leendertz); Botanical Zoological Garden, Stuttgart, Germany (W. Rietschel); Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany (C. Boesch); Global Viral Forecasting, San Francisco, California, USA (B.S. Schneider)

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Figure

Phylogenetic tree of near full-length and partial sequences (open reading frame 2) of parvovirus 4 (PARV4), PARV4-like viruses, and Hong Kong virus (HoV) created by using MEGA5.05 (www.megasoftware.net) with the maximum likelihood-method (GTR+G+I) and bootstrap analysis of 1,000 resamplings. Sequence origin was indicated as follows: circle, from humans; square, from chimpanzees; triangle, from red colobus monkeys; and tetragon, from black-and-white colobus monkeys. New sequences from Côte d’Ivoi

Figure. . . Phylogenetic tree of near full-length and partial sequences (open reading frame 2) of parvovirus 4 (PARV4), PARV4-like viruses, and Hong Kong virus (HoV) created by using MEGA5.05 (www.megasoftware.net) with the maximum likelihood-method (GTR+G+I) and bootstrap analysis of 1,000 resamplings. Sequence origin was indicated as follows: circle, from humans; square, from chimpanzees; triangle, from red colobus monkeys; and tetragon, from black-and-white colobus monkeys. New sequences from Côte d’Ivoire are shown with filled symbols. P.t.t., Pan troglodytes troglodytes; P.t.v., Pan troglodytes verus; P. badius, Piliocolobus badius; C. polykomos, Colobus polykomos; BHoV, bovine HoV; PHoV, porcine HoV; OHoV, ovine HoV; Eh-BtPV-1, Eidolon helvum parvovirus 1; Gt, genotype of human PARV4. Scale bar indicates nucleotide substitutions per site.

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¹These authors contributed equally to this article.

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