Emerging Infectious Disease ISSN: 1080-6059

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Seroepidemiologic Effects of Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 in Australia, New Zealand, and Singapore

James M. Trauer

, Don Bandaranayake, Robert Booy, Mark I. Chen, Michelle Cretikos, Gary K. Dowse, Dominic E. Dwyer, Michael E. Greenberg, Q. Sue Huang, Gulam Khandaker, Jen Kok, Karen L. Laurie, Vernon J. Lee, Jodie McVernon, Scott Walter, Peter G. Markey, and for the Australia, New Zealand and Singapore Pandemic Serosurveillance Study Group

Author affiliations: Author affiliations: Melbourne Sleep Disorders Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (J.M. Trauer); Environmental Science and Research, Wallaceville, New Zealand (D. Bandaranayake, Q.S. Huang); National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia (R. Booy, G. Khandaker); National University Health System, Singapore (M.I. Chen); University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (M. Cretikos); Communicable Disease Control Directorate, Shenton Park, Western Australia, Australia (G.K. Dowse); Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead (D.E. Dwyer, J. Kok); CSL Limited, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (M.E. Greenberg); World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research in Influenza, North Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (K.L. Laurie); World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland (V.J. Lee); Melbourne School of Population Health, Parkville (J. McVernon); Centre for Epidemiology and Research, North Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (S. Walter; Centre for Disease Control, Tiwi, Northern Territory, Australia (P.G. Markey)

Main Article

Table 1

Characteristics of collections included in database to estimate population attach rates of influenza A (H1N1) 2009 in the Southern Hemisphere, winter 2009*

Code (ref. no.)	Study design	No. assays by redefined phase	Population	Age range, y†	Study exclusions	Enrollment	Region	Spec-imen type	Testing lab-oratory	RBC species	Control serum specimen	Monovalent pandemic vaccine effect	Notes and exclusions for analysis
A (16)	Pre cross-section	524 pre	Outpatients	1–99	None	Opportunistic from stored specimens	NZ	Serum	ESR	Guinea pig	Human and ferret	Not applicable	None
B (16)	Post cross-section	1,147 post	Primary care patients	1–89	None	Active recruitment of registered GP patients	NZ	Serum	ESR	Guinea pig	Human and ferret	Collection prior to vaccination program	None
C (16)	Post cross-section	532 post	Health care workers‡	21–109	None	Active recruitment of hospital and clinic staff	NZ	Serum	ESR	Guinea pig	Human and ferret	Collection prior to vaccination program	None
D (7)	Pre cross-section	152 pre	Residents of aged-care facilities‡	59–100	None	Outbreak investigations of non-H1N1 viruses	NSW	Serum	CIDMLS	Human, O negative	Human	Not applicable	None
E (17)	Prospective cohort (pre and post collections)	788 pre	Community residents	21–74	None	Sub-cohort of existing cohort collection	Singapore	Serum	WHO-CC	Turkey	Human and ferret	Collection prior to vaccination program	None
E (17)		671 intra
F (17)		689 post
	Prospective cohort (pre and post collections)	1 pre	Healthcare workers‡	20–67	None	Email and word of mouth staff recruitment at hospital	Singapore	Serum	WHO-CC	Turkey	Human and ferret	Collection prior to vaccination program	None
		1,138 intra
		391 post
G (17)	Prospective cohort (pre and post collections)	300 intra	Staff and residents of long-term care facilities‡	19–109	None	Active recruitment by invitation	Singapore	Serum	WHO-CC	Turkey	Human and ferret	Collection prior to vaccination program	None
G (17)	Prospective cohort (pre and post collections)	250 post	Staff and residents of long-term care facilities‡	19–109	None	Active recruitment by invitation	Singapore	Serum	WHO-CC	Turkey	Human and ferret	Collection prior to vaccination program	None
H (17)	Prospective cohort (pre and post collections)	1,915 intra	Military personnel‡	18–62	None	Active recruitment by invitation	Singapore	Serum	WHO-CC	Turkey	Human and ferret	Collection prior to vaccination program	None
H (17)	Prospective cohort (pre and post collections)	637 post	Military personnel‡	18–62	None	Active recruitment by invitation	Singapore	Serum	WHO-CC	Turkey	Human and ferret	Collection prior to vaccination program	None
I (8)	Pre and post cross-sections	447 pre	Community residents	0–19	Respiratory infection indication for testing	Opportunistic from pathology laboratory	WA	Serum	WHO-CC	Turkey	Human and ferret	Collection prior to vaccination program	Gender unavailable
		221 intra
		229 post
J (8)	Pre and post cross-sections	201 pre	Pregnant women‡	21–45	Respiratory infection indication for testing	Opportunistic from pathology laboratory	WA	Serum	WHO-CC	Turkey	Human and ferret	Collection prior to vaccination program	None
		170 intra
		116 post
K (9)	Pre and post- cross-sections	474 pre	Outpatients	0–100	Influenza serologic testing	Opportunistic from pathology laboratories	NSW	Serum or lithium-heparin plasma	CIDMLS	Human, O negative	Human	Collection prior to vaccination program	Gender unavailable for 164 pre-pandemic assays
		750 intra
		497 post
L (10)	RCT of pandemic vaccine (pre-vaccine collection)	166 intra	Healthy adults	.	Pregnancy	Active recruitment of volunteers	Adelaide	Serum	Focus	Turkey	Human	Collection prior to vaccination program	Postvaccinationassays excluded
M (11)	Postpandemic cross-section with retrospective assessment of seroconversion	125 intra	Persons infected with HIV‡	19–77	None	Opportunistic testing of specimens submitted for HIV load monitoring	NSW	Plasma	CIDMLS	Human O-negative	Human	Collection prior to vaccination program	Retrospective assays excluded
M (11)		74 post	Persons infected with HIV‡	19–77	None		NSW	Plasma	CIDMLS	Human O-negative	Human	Collection prior to vaccination program	Retrospective assays excluded
N (12)	Pre and post cross-sections	404 pre	Blood donors	16–78	None	Opportunistic collection from donated blood units	Cairns, Townsville, Brisbane, Hobart, Melbourne, Newcastle, Perth, Sydney	Plasma	WHO-CC	Turkey	Human and ferret	Vaccination status checked if titer raised	None
		92 intra
		779 post
O (13)	RCT of pandemic vaccine (pre-vaccine collection)	290 intra	Community volunteers	0–8	Gestational age <36 wk, investigational vaccine	Active recruitment through tertiary hospitals	Adelaide, Brisbane, Melbourne, Perth, Sydney	Serum	Focus	Turkey	Human	Collection prior to vaccination program	Postvaccination assays excluded
O (13)	RCT of pandemic vaccine (pre-vaccine collection)	73 post	Community volunteers	0–8	Gestational age <36 wk, investigational vaccine	Active recruitment through tertiary hospitals	Adelaide, Brisbane, Melbourne, Perth, Sydney	Serum	Focus	Turkey	Human	Collection prior to vaccination program	Postvaccination assays excluded
P (14)	Pre and post cross-sections	443 pre	Outpatients	0–97	None	Opportunistic from pathology laboratory	NT	Serum	WHO-CC	Turkey	Human and ferret	Collection prior to vaccination program	None
		2 intra
		1,689 post
Q (unpub.)	Post cross-sections	65 post	Hemo-dialysis patients‡	43–88	None	Prevaccination blood sample	NSW	Serum	CIDMLS	Human, O negative	Human	Collection prior to individual vaccination	None
R (unpub.)	RCT of interferon (pre- and postintervention collections)	64 pre	Community volunteers	20–74	Chronic respiratory conditions	Active recruitment (email and newspaper)	Perth	Serum	WHO-CC	Turkey	Human and ferret	Patients receiving vaccine excluded	Postintervention assays in active treatment arm excluded
		102 intra
		87 post
S (unpub.)	Pre and post cross-sections	944 pre	Community residents	0–18	None	National pediatric serosurveillance studies	Singapore	Serum	WHO-CC	Turkey	Human and ferret	Low vaccine uptake (≈1%–2%) in population at time of collection (19)	Postvaccine assays excluded
		32 intra
		460 post

*RBC, red blood cells; pre, prepandemic phase; intra, intrapandemic phase; post, postpandemic phase; ESR, World Health Organization National Influenza Centre, Environmental Science and Research, New Zealand; CIDMLS, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia; WHO-CC, World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, North Melbourne, Australia; Focus = Focus Diagnostics, California, USA; RCT, randomized controlled trial; GP, general practitioner; NZ, New Zealand, NSW, New South Wales; WA, Western Australia; NT, Northern Territory.
†Age range for specimens included in pre or postpandemic phases.
‡Defined as risk groups for analysis.

Main Article

¹A list of the group’s members can be found at the end of this article.

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Emerging Infectious Disease ISSN: 1080-6059

Volume 19, Number 1—January 2013

Research

Seroepidemiologic Effects of Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 in Australia, New Zealand, and Singapore

Table 1

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