Whole blood samples collected during the 2008–2009 dengue epidemic were tested for DENV IgM by ELISA (Dengue IgM Capture ELISA; Panbio, Brisbane, QLD, Australia). All reactive samples were tested with a second ELISA (Anti-Dengue IgM ELISA; Standard Diagnostics Inc., Giheung-gu, South Korea) and by the Public Health Virology Laboratory at Queensland Health Forensic and Scientific Services (QHFSS) (11). Serologic evidence of recent exposure (presence of DENV IgM) was observed in 12 (0.22%) donors (Table 1). Of the 8 DENV IgM–positive samples that were examined for type specificity, 7 (88%) were DENV-3 specific, which was the dominant type during the epidemic (3).

We used these IgM seroprevalence rates to estimate the rate of subclinical dengue infection (Technical Appendix). We estimated 168–921 subclinical cases (clinical:subclinical ratio 1.0:0.59; range 0.18–1.0) in Cairns, the city where the epidemic was centered. Our estimate was toward the lower end of that observed in dengue-endemic areas (12,13) but higher than that estimated during a DENV-2 outbreak in Charters Towers (14), which probably reflects the different methods used in the respective studies.

Selected samples were tested for DENV IgG by ELISA (Dengue IgG Indirect ELISA; Panbio). All reactive samples were tested at QHFSS. Serologic evidence of previous exposure (presence of DENV IgG) was influenced overall by donor location (p<0.05) and age (p<0.05). The proportion of the northern Queensland donor population with DENV IgG was 9.43% (95% CI 7.98%–10.89%), and this proportion increased with age (Table 2), which indicates cumulative previous exposure. The proportion of Melbourne (control area with no dengue activity) donors with DENV IgG was 6.78% (95% CI 4.48%–9.09%); however, no change was observed with age (Table 2), demonstrating no cumulative exposure. Previous exposure in Melbourne was surprisingly high; these persons may have been exposed during travel to dengue-endemic areas (subsequent follow-up demonstrated 94% reported travel to countries to which dengue may be endemic).

The proportion of donors with DENV IgG did not change from the beginning to the end of the outbreaks in Cairns and Townsville, nor in northern Queensland as a whole (Table 2), which suggests that the epidemic was not of a scale to result in a change in population seroprevalence. This study was powered to detect a change in incidence of at least 10%; small changes might have been missed, which would be difficult to detect through such studies.

Figure

Figure. . Risk of collecting a dengue-infectious blood donation, northern Queensland, Australia, 2008–2009 epidemic. Estimated risk calculated for Cairns (A) and Townsville (B).

We used our seroprevalence data along with donation frequencies to estimate the risk of collecting a dengue-infectious donation, based on published models (9,15) (Technical Appendix). Using this model, the risk of collecting a dengue-infectious donation in Cairns during the epidemic was ≈1 in 7,146 (range 2,218–50,021) (Figure). These estimates are similar to those obtained by using a published probabilistic model (9) revised to incorporate the outbreak specific subclinical infection rate reported herein, which predicts the risk to be ≈1 in 9,303 (range 3,092–32,344) donations in Cairns. Because both methods derive estimates within comparable ranges, it would appear valid to use the revised probabilistic model as a predictive risk estimator during future outbreaks.

The dengue management strategy used during the epidemic cost the Blood Service ≈1–3.8 million Australian dollars (2009 terms). This estimate is publically available and was based on: the number of donations affected by the dengue management strategy, collection targets for 2009, costs associated with whole blood collections, additional costs to meet national targets, transportation costs to meet demand in affected regions, and additional waste costs. An offset for any plasma obtained through a whole blood donation (used for fractionation) was included in selected estimates.

Subclinical dengue infection rates vary by population, specific outbreak, and area examined (12,14). We demonstrate that the clinical to subclinical infection rate during the 2008–2009 dengue epidemic in northern Queensland, where dengue occurs seasonally, was toward the lower end of that observed in dengue-endemic countries (12,13). This observation, together with our data suggesting that the incidence of dengue in the northern Queensland population did not change from the beginning to the end of the epidemic, suggests the control and clinical management of dengue during this epidemic was comprehensive.

We also estimated that the risk of collecting a dengue-infectious blood donation in Cairns during the epidemic was ≈1 in 7,146 (range 2,218–50,021). Given these risks, the increasing need for plasma in Australia, and the absence of a screening test for blood donations in Australia, the continuation of the dengue management strategy during future outbreaks is warranted. However, this strategy may have added strain on the inventory available to meet clinical demand for fresh blood components and was associated with a cost to the Blood Service of >1 million Australian dollars. Although this strategy is a necessary precaution to maintain safety, alternative approaches may exist, such as implementation of a suitable screening test (were one available) or pathogen reduction technology (a process designed to inactivate pathogens in blood products), which may offer a similar level of safety but be more cost effective. With dengue becoming increasingly common in Australia (3) and the world (1), these alternative approaches may be needed in the future.