Volume 20, Number 8—August 2014
Research
Human Exposure to Live Poultry and Psychological and Behavioral Responses to Influenza A(H7N9), China
Table 4
Risk perception related to influenza A(H7N9) and backyard poultry exposure among participants recruited for surveys in rural areas, by area, China, 2013*
| Characteristic | Dawa, n = 310 | Zijin, n = 308 | Nanzhang, n = 308 | Pengxi, n = 301 | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean STAI scores (95% CI) |
1.52 (1.47–1.57) |
1.85 (1.80–1.90) |
1.66 (1.62–1.70) |
1.54 (1.48–1.61) |
<0.001† |
| Self-perceived susceptibility to influenza A(H7N9)‡ | <0.001 | ||||
| Higher | 2 (0.6) | 1 (0.3) | 1 (0.3) | 9 (3.0) | |
| Even | 29 (9.4) | 41 (13.3) | 21 (6.8) | 31 (10.3) | |
| Lower |
279 (90.0) |
266 (86.4) |
286 (92.9) |
261 (86.7) |
|
| Perceived susceptibility to influenza A(H7N9) compared with others§ | <0.001 | ||||
| Higher | 0 | 1 (0.3) | 2 (0.6) | 8 (2.7) | |
| Even | 10 (3.2) | 25 (8.1) | 3 (1.0) | 36 (12.0) | |
| Lower |
300 (96.8) |
282 (91.6) |
303 (98.4) |
257 (85.4) |
|
| Worry induced by ILI symptoms¶ | <0.001 | ||||
| More | 69 (22.3) | 79 (25.6) | 118 (38.4) | 49 (16.3) | |
| Same as usual | 73 (23.5) | 113 (36.7) | 118 (38.4) | 113 (37.5) | |
| Less |
168 (54.2) |
116 (37.7) |
71 (23.1) |
139 (46.2) |
|
| Infection with influenza A(H7N9) in next week# | <0.001 | ||||
| Worry | 32 (10.3) | 75 (24.4) | 71 (23.1) | 51 (16.9) | |
| Think about it but no worry | 51 (16.5) | 42 (13.7) | 20 (6.5) | 33 (11.0) | |
| Never think about it |
227 (73.2) |
190 (61.9) |
217 (70.5) |
217 (72.1) |
|
| Severity of influenza A(H7N9) compared with** | |||||
| Seasonal influenza | 201 (64.8) | 181 (58.8) | 224 (72.7) | 182 (60.5) | 0.001 |
| Avian influenza A(H5N1) | 105 (33.9) | 112 (36.4) | 67 (21.8) | 92 (30.6) | <0.001 |
| SARS |
51 (16.5) |
63 (20.5) |
30 (9.7) |
44 (14.6) |
0.003 |
| Distance, km†† |
482 |
2448 |
351 |
665 |
|
| Raising backyard poultry | 141 (45.5) | 135 (43.8) | 166 (53.9) | 168 (49.7) | 0.067 |
| Type of backyard poultry raised | |||||
| Chicken | 120 (38.7) | 134 (43.5) | 162 (52.6) | 161 (53.5) | <0.001 |
| Ducks | 49 (15.8) | 45 (14.6) | 20 (6.5) | 65 (21.6) | <0.001 |
| Geese | 34 (11.0) | 17 (5.5) | 2 (0.6) | 43 (14.3) | <0.001 |
| Median no. live poultry raised | 6 | 20 | 13 | 12 | <0.001 |
*Values are no. (%) persons except as indicated. STAI, State Trait Anxiety Inventory; ILI, influenza-like illness; SARS, severe acute respiratory syndrome.
†Differences between groups were examined with the Kruskal Wallis Test (assuming nonhomogeneous variances).
‡Respondents who answered certain/very likely/likely to the question “How likely do you think it is that you will contract H7N9 avian flu over the next 1 month?” were categorized as “High”; those who answered never/very unlikely/unlikely were categorized as “Low.”
§Respondents who answered certain/much more /more to the question “What do you think is your chance of getting infected with H7N9 avian flu over the next 1 month compared to other people outside your family of a similar age?” were categorized as “High”; those who answered not at all/much less/less were categorized as “Low.”
¶Respondents who answered extremely concerned/concerned much more than normal/concerned more than normal to the question “If you were to develop ILI symptoms tomorrow, would you be…?” were categorized as “More”; those who answered not at all concerned/much less concerned than normal/ concerned less than normal were categorized as “Less.”
#Respondents who answered worried about it all the time/worried a lot/worried a bit to the question “Did you worry about H7N9 in the past week?“ were categorized as “Worry.”
**Respondents who answered much higher/a little higher regarding the severity of influenza A(H7N9) compared with seasonal influenza, avian influenza A(H5N1), and SARS.
††Distance between the survey location and the nearest area in which influenza A(H7N9) case(s) were reported.
1These authors contributed equally to this article.