Antimicrobial Drug Resistance of Vibrio cholerae, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Berthe Miwanda, Sandra Moore, Jean-Jacques Muyembe, Georges Nguefack-Tsague, Ickel Kakongo Kabangwa, Daniel Yassa Ndjakani, Ankur Mutreja, Nicholas R. Thomson, Helene Thefenne, Eric Garnotel, Gaston Tshapenda, Denis Kandolo Kakongo, Guy Kalambayi, and Renaud Piarroux
Author affiliations: Ministry of Public Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo (B. Miwanda, J.-J. Muyembe, G. Tshapenda); Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France (S. Moore, R. Piarroux); University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa (J.-J. Muyembe); University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon (G. Nguefack-Tsague); Ministry of Higher Education and University, Kinshasa (I.K. Kabangwa, D.K. Kakongo); Field Epidemiology Laboratory Training Program, Kinshasa (D.Y. Ndjakani); Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK (A. Mutreja, N. Thomson); London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK (N. Thomson); Hôpital d’Instruction des Armées Laveran, Marseille, France (H. Thefenne, E. Garnotel); World Health Organization, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso (D.K. Kakongo); World Health Organization, Kinshasa (G. Kalambayi)
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Figure 2
Figure 2. Spatiotemporal localization of isolate antimicrobial drug resistance profiles by time period and province, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1997–2012. Strains were grouped into 21 antimicrobial drug resistance profiles. The antimicrobial drugs for which the strains displayed resistance are indicated in the lower right panel. Patterns of antimicrobial drug resistance were further grouped into 5 periods. Circle circumference represents the relative number of strains, while the colors correspond to the different antimicrobial drug resistance profiles. Provinces are indicated in the 1997–2000 map. The maps were generated by using QGIS version 2.4.0-Chugiak (http://qgis.org/api/2.4/). AM, ampicillin; C, chloramphenicol; SXT, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim; TE, tetracycline; DO, doxycycline; NOR, norfloxacin; CI, ciprofloxacin; NA, nalidixic acid; E, erythromycin.
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Page updated: April 17, 2015
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