Volume 21, Number 7—July 2015
Research
Seroprevalence for Hepatitis E and Other Viral Hepatitides among Diverse Populations, Malawi
Taha E. Taha
, Laura K. Rusie, Alain Labrique, Mulinda Nyirenda, Dean Soko, Melvin Kamanga, Johnstone Kumwenda, Homayoon Farazadegan, Kenrad Nelson, and Newton Kumwenda
, Laura K. Rusie, Alain Labrique, Mulinda Nyirenda, Dean Soko, Melvin Kamanga, Johnstone Kumwenda, Homayoon Farazadegan, Kenrad Nelson, and Newton Kumwenda
Table 3
Crude and adjusted odds ratios for enterically transmitted hepatitis E virus, Malawi*
| Characteristics | Crude OR | p value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Study, period | |||
| ICAR, 1989–1995 | Reference | NA | Reference |
| SUCOMA, 1994–1999 | 2.80 | 0.03 | 3.54 (0.75–16.76) |
| NVAZ, 2000–2003 | 1.39 | 0.51 | 1.59 (0.55–4.62) |
| MWANZA, 2001 | 1.59 | 0.37 | 1.85 (0.51–6.70) |
| METRO, 2003–2005 | 3.82 | 0.004 | 3.44 (1.37–8.67) |
| PEPI, 2004–2009 |
1.59 |
0.35 |
1.87 (0.64–5.49) |
| Enrollment year† |
1.02 |
0.38 |
NA |
| HIV status | |||
| HIV-negative | Reference | NA | Reference |
| HIV-positive |
0.59 |
0.01 |
0.72 (0.38–1.36) |
| Age, y† |
1.01 |
0.56 |
1.00 (0.97–1.02) |
| Age range, y | |||
| 15–19 | Reference | NA | NA |
| 20–29 | 0.81 | 0.51 | NA |
| 30–39 | 0.71 | 0.33 | NA |
| 40–49 | 0.55 | 0.22 | NA |
| 50–59 | 2.07 | 0.21 | NA |
| 60–69 |
4.13 |
0.17 |
NA |
| Sex | |||
| M | Reference | NA | 1.00 |
| F |
0.83 |
0.36 |
1.40 (0.41–4.76) |
| Setting | |||
| Rural | Reference | NA | NA |
| Urban |
0.85 |
0.41 |
NA |
| Running water in house | |||
| No | Reference | NA | 1.00 |
| Yes |
0.61 |
0.06 |
1.40 (0.41–4.76) |
| Electricity in house | |||
| No | Reference | NA | NA |
| Yes |
0.82 |
0.40 |
NA |
| Education | |||
| None | Reference | NA | NA |
| Any |
0.92 |
0.78 |
NA |
| Marital status | |||
| Married | Reference | NA | NA |
| Single |
0.60 |
0.14 |
NA |
| Employment status | |||
| Unemployed | Reference | NA | NA |
| Employed |
1.18 |
0.41 |
NA |
| Parity† | 0.90 | 0.61 | NA |
*OR, odds ratio; ICAR, International Collaborations on AIDS Research; SUCOMA, a study of HIV prevalence among male workers for the Sugar Company of Malawi; NVAZ, a study of efficacy of nevirapine/zidovudinel post-exposure prophylaxis to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV; MWANZA, a study of risk factors associated with prevalent HIV infection in the rural town of Malawi; METRO, a study in which efficacy of intravaginal metronidazole gel in reducing bacterial vaginosis was assessed; PEPI, a study of antiretroviral postexposure prophylaxis to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV; NA: not applicable.
†Continuous variable.
Page created: June 12, 2015
Page updated: June 12, 2015
Page reviewed: June 12, 2015
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.