Volume 15, Number 11—November 2009
Perspective
Risk of Importing Zoonotic Diseases through Wildlife Trade, United States
, Lisa M. Schloegel, and Peter DaszakTable 1
Risk zoonoses and their associated clinical syndromes in humans*
| Pathogen | Primary clinical syndrome in humans |
|---|---|
| Viruses | |
| Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus | Aseptic meningitis |
| Cercopithecine herpesvirus-1 (herpes B) | Encephalitis |
| Nipah virus | Encephalitis |
| Rabies viruses† | Encephalitis |
| Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus | Encephalitis |
| Tick-borne encephalitis virus complex† | Encephalitis or hemorrhagic fever |
| Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus | Hemorrhagic fever |
| Ebola viruses† | Hemorrhagic fever |
| Lassa fever virus | Hemorrhagic fever |
| Marburg virus | Hemorrhagic fever |
| Rift Valley fever virus | Hemorrhagic fever |
| South American hemorrhagic fever arenaviruses† | Hemorrhagic fever |
| Hantaviruses associated with HFRS† | Hemorrhagic fever with nephropathy |
| Hantaviruses associated with HCPS† | Severe respiratory syndrome |
| Highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1) virus | Severe respiratory syndrome |
| SARS virus (or SARS-like CoV) | Severe respiratory syndrome |
| Yellow fever virus | Systemic illness or hemorrhagic fever |
| Monkeypox virus |
Systemic illness or rash |
| Bacteria | |
| Brucella spp. | Systemic illness |
| Coxiella burnetii | Systemic illness |
| Leptospira spp. | Systemic illness |
| Bacillus anthracis | Varies by site of infection |
| Burkholderia mallei | Varies by site of infection |
| Francisella tularensis | Varies by site of infection |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex† | Varies by site of infection |
| Yersinia pestis |
Varies by site of infection |
| Helminths, Echinococcus spp. | Hydatid cyst disease |
*Risk zoonoses, relevant zoonotic diseases at risk for importation into the United States; HFRS, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome; HCPS, hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome; SARS, severe acute respiratory syndrome; CoV, coronavirus.
†Rabies viruses includes the zoonotic lyssaviruses Australian bat lyssavirus, Duvenhage, European bat lyssavirus 1 and 2, Mokolo, and rabies (11); tick-borne encephalitis complex includes Kyasanur Forest disease, Omsk hemorrhagic fever, and tickborne encephalitis (11); Ebolaviruses include Bundibugyo, Côte d'Ivoire, Reston, Sudan, and Zaire (11); epidemiologically relevant South American hemorrhagic fever arenaviruses include Guanarito, Junin, Machupo, and Sabia (11); hantaviruses associated with HFRS include Dobrava, Hantaan, Puumala, Saaremaa, and Seoul (11); hantaviruses associated with HCPS include Andes, Bayou, Black Creek Canal, Laguna Negra, New York, and Sin Nombre (11); Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex species are M. africanum, M. bovis, M. bovis BCG, M. caprae, M. microti, M. pinnipedii, and M. tuberculosis hominis (12).
