Volume 16, Number 5—May 2010
Research
Latent Tuberculosis among Persons at Risk for Infection with HIV, Tijuana, Mexico
Richard S. Garfein
, Rafael Laniado-Laborin, Timothy C. Rodwell, Remedios Lozada, Robert Deiss, Jose Luis Burgos, Jazmine Cuevas-Mota, Paris Cerecer, Kathleen Moser, Maria Luisa Volker, and Steffanie A. Strathdee
, Rafael Laniado-Laborin, Timothy C. Rodwell, Remedios Lozada, Robert Deiss, Jose Luis Burgos, Jazmine Cuevas-Mota, Paris Cerecer, Kathleen Moser, Maria Luisa Volker, and Steffanie A. StrathdeeTable 1
Univariate analysis of factors associated with tuberculosis infection status among high-risk groups for HIV in Tijuana, Mexico, April–July 2007*
| Characteristic | Total (n = 503) | IGRA– (n = 217) | IGRA+ (n = 286) | Odds ratio (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Risk factor†‡ | ||||
| Injected drugs | 232 (46.1) | 86 (39.6) | 146 (51.1) | 1.59 (1.11–2.27) |
| Used drugs but never injected | 207 (41.2) | 94 (43.3) | 113 (39.5) | 0.86 (0.60–1.22) |
| Sex work | 115 (22.9) | 59 (27.2) | 56 (19.6) | 0.65 (0.43-0.99) |
| Homeless/unstably housed | 280 (55.7) | 135 (62.2) | 145 (50.7) | 0.63 (0.44–0.90) |
| Median age, y (IQR) |
36.0 (29–42) |
34.0 (28–40) |
38.0 (31–43) |
1.04 (1.02–1.06) |
| Sex | ||||
| M | 297 (59.0) | 112 (51.6) | 185 (64.7) | 1.00 |
| F | 193 (38.4) | 99 (45.6) | 94 (32.9) | 0.58 (0.40–0.83) |
| Transgender |
13 (2.6) |
6 (2.8) |
7 (2.5) |
0.71 (0.23–2.16) |
| Years lived in Tijuana, median (IQR) | 6.04 (1–13.3) | 3.51 (0.3–10.0) | 9.0 (3.0–16.4) | 1.03 (1.012–1.04) |
| Most frequent type of sleeping arrangement‡ | ||||
| Stable | 223 (44.3) | 82 (37.8) | 141 (49.3) | 1.00 |
| Unstable housing | 209 (41.6) | 105 (48.4) | 104 (36.4) | 0.58 (0.39–0.85) |
| Homeless |
71 (14.1) |
30 (13.8) |
41 (14.3) |
0.80 (0.46–1.37) |
| Ever incarcerated | 338 (67.2) | 128 (59.0) | 210 (73.4) | 1.92 (1.32–2.80) |
| Incarceration status | ||||
| Never jailed | 165 (32.8) | 89 (41.0) | 76 (26.6) | 1.00 |
| Jailed in USA only | 129 (25.6) | 58 (26.7) | 71(24.8) | 1.43 (0.90–2.28) |
| Jailed in Mexico or Mexico and USA |
209 (41.5) |
70 (32.3) |
139 (48.6) |
2.33 (1.53–3.54) |
| Noninjection drug used most often‡ | ||||
| None | 157 (31.2) | 67 (30.9) | 90 (31.5) | 1.00 |
| Methamphetamines | 218 (43.3) | 101 (46.5) | 117 (40.9) | 0.86 (0.57–1.30) |
| Heroin | 52 (10.3) | 14 (6.5) | 38 (13.3) | 2.02 (1.01–4.03) |
| Any other drug |
76 (15.1) |
35 (16.1) |
41 (14.3) |
0.87 (0.50–1.51) |
| Ever injected illegal drugs | 248 (49.3) | 92 (42.4) | 156 (54.6) | 1.63 (1.14–2.33) |
| Mean (SD) years injected drugs among IDUs |
13.5 (13.0) |
13.0 (13.5) |
14.0 (14.0) |
1.02 (0.99–1.05) |
| Ever known anyone with TB | 210 (41.8) | 78 (35.9) | 132 (46.2) | 1.53 (1.06–2.19) |
*Values are no. (%) unless otherwise indicated. IGRA, interferon-γ release assay; CI, confidence interval; IQR, interquartile range; IDUs, injection drug users; TB, tuberculosis.
†Risk groups are not mutually exclusive; reference group includes all participants without the characteristic.
‡Refers to the past 6 mo.
