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Volume 22, Number 3—March 2016
Research

Factors Associated with Loss to Follow-up during Treatment for Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis, the Philippines, 2012–2014

Thelma E. TupasiComments to Author , Anna Marie Celina G. Garfin, Ekaterina V. Kurbatova, Joan M. Mangan, Ruth Orillaza-Chi, Leilani C. Naval, Glenn I. Balane, Ramon Basilio, Alexander Golubkov, Evelyn S. Joson, Woo-jin Lew, Vivian Lofranco, Mariquita Mantala, Stuart Pancho, and Jesus N. Sarol
Author affiliations: Tropical Disease Foundation, Inc., Makati City, the Philippines (T.E. Tupasi, L.C. Naval, G.I. Balane, E.S. Joson, J.N. Sarol Jr.); Department of Health, Manila, the Philippines (A.M.C.G. Garfin, R. Basilio); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (E.V. Kurbatova, J.M. Mangan); Philippine Business for Social Progress–Innovations and Multisectoral Partnership to Achieve Control of Tuberculosis Project, Manila (R. Orillaza-Chi); US Agency for International Development (USAID), Washington, DC, USA (A. Golubkov); World Health Organization Philippines, Manila (W.-j. Lew); The Lung Center of the Philippines, Manila (V. Lofranco, S. Pancho); Technical Assistance to the Countries–USAID-funded activity, Manila (M. Mantala)

Main Article

Table 2

Univariate analysis of Individual factors associated with loss to follow-up during treatment for multidrug-resistant TB, the Philippines, 2012–2014*

Factor Total† Case-patients‡ Control-patients‡ Odds ratio (95% CI) p value
Data from review of medical records
Demographics
Sex
M 164 60 (65.9) 104 (57.1) 1.45 (0.86–2.45) 0.16
F 109 31 (34.1) 78 (42.9) 1.00
Age 273 41.6 (13.2)§ 38.0 (12.5)§ 1.02 (1.00–1.04)¶ 0.028
Social history
Tobacco smoking
Current, past 153 65 (73) 88 (48.6) 2.86 (1.65–4.97) <0.001
Never 117 24 (27) 93 (51.4) 1.00
Alcohol abuse
Current, past 175 66 (75) 109 (60.9) 1.93 (1.09–3.4) 0.02
Never 92 22 (25) 70 (39.1) 1.00
Drug abuse
Current, past 52 19 (22.4) 33 (18.6) 1.26 (0.67–2.37) 0.48
Never 210 66 (77.6) 144 (81.4) 1.00
Clinical information
No. previous TB episodes 273 1.71 (0.90)§ 1.62 (1.07)§ 1.10 (0.86–1.40)¶ 0.449
BMI
<18.5 146 51 (56) 95 (52.2) 1.17 (0.7–1.94) 0.55
>18.5 127 40 (44) 87 (47.8) 1.00
Cavitary TB disease
Yes 97 31 (44.3) 66 (41) 1.14 (0.65–2.02) 0.64
No 134 39 (55.7) 95 (59) 1.00
Smear-positive at treatment start
Yes 219 70 (82.4) 149 (85.1) 0.81 (0.41–1.63) 0.56
No
 41
 15 (17.6)
 26 (14.9)
 1.00
Data from patient interviews
Total no. persons residing in household 272 5.12 (2.79)§ 5.53 (2.95)§ 1.94 (0.63–5.99)¶ 0.27
Residence Comparison 1
Rural area 40 15 (23.4) 25 (24.5) 0.94 (0.45–1.96) 0.88
Urban slum 126 49 (76.6) 77 (75.5) 1.00
Residence Comparison 2
Urban area 105 26 (34.7) 79 (50.6) 0.52 (0.29–0.91) 0.02
Urban slum 126 49 (65.3) 77 (49.4) 1.00
Paid employment before starting treatment
Yes 126 49 (54.4) 77 (42.3) 1.63 (0.98–2.71) 0.06
No 146 41 (45.6) 105 (57.7) 1.00
Employed before starting treatment but had to quit#
Yes 90 35 (79.5) 55 (83.3) 0.78 (0.29–2.07) 0.61
No 20 9 (20.5) 11 (16.7) 1.00
Employed before starting treatment but fired/asked to take leave of absence#
Yes 10 5 (35.7) 5 (31.3) 1.22 (0.27–5.59) 0.80**
No 20 9 (64.3) 11 (68.8) 1.00
Family sold belongings or household items (assets) to help pay expenses during TB treatment
Yes 93 28 (31.8) 65 (35.7) 0.84 (0.49–1.44) 0.53
No 177 60 (68.2) 117 (64.3) 1.00
Family borrowed money to cover costs due to TB illness
Yes 181 60 (74.1) 121 (70.8) 1.18 (0.65–2.14) 0.58
No 71 21 (25.9) 50 (29.2) 1.00
General TB knowledge†† 272 67.81 (16.31)§ 74.25 (13.78)§ 0.97 (0.95–0.99)¶ <0.001
Expectations related to TB and TB treatment 272 11.01 (1.87)§ 10.76 (1.55)§ 1.10 (0.94–1.28)¶ 0.28
Self-efficacy (or confidence) to adhere to treatment at the time treatment was about to begin 272 4.91 (5.28)§ 2.44 (3.77)§ 1.13 (1.06–1.19)¶ <0.001

*Boldface indicates significance. BMI, body mass index; TB, tuberculosis.
†Total reflects number of patients for whom data or responses for each respective category were available.
‡No. (%) unless noted otherwise.
§Mean (SD).
¶Odds ratio is per 1 unit increase.
#Of 126 patients who had paid employment before starting treatment, 90 reported that they subsequently “had to quit” and 10 reported that they had subsequently been “fired/asked to take leave of absence.”
**Fisher exact test.
††Such as understanding of disease severity, susceptibility, scale 0%–100%).

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Page created: February 18, 2016
Page updated: February 18, 2016
Page reviewed: February 18, 2016
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
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