Volume 8, Number 3—March 2002
Research
The Relationship between Antimicrobial Use and Antimicrobial Resistance in Europe
Stef L.A.M. Bronzwaer*
, Otto Cars†, Udo Buchholz*, Sigvard Mölstad‡, Wim Goettsch*, Irene K. Veldhuijzen*, Jacob L. Kool*, Marc J.W. Sprenger*, John E. Degener§, and participants in the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System
, Otto Cars†, Udo Buchholz*, Sigvard Mölstad‡, Wim Goettsch*, Irene K. Veldhuijzen*, Jacob L. Kool*, Marc J.W. Sprenger*, John E. Degener§, and participants in the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance SystemTable
Number of submitting laboratories, number of isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae, number (#) and percent (%R) of penicillin nonsusceptible S. pneumoniae isolates, logodds of resistance (ln(%R/[1-%R]), and outpatient sales of beta-lactam antibiotics and macrolides
| Country | No. of labora-tories | No. of S. pneumoniae isolates | Penicillin nonsusceptible S. pneumoniae | Outpatient sales of antibiotics in DDDa/1,000 inhabitants/day | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | %R (95% CI) | ln (%R/[1-%R]) | Beta-lactam antibiotics | Macrolides | |||
| Austria | - | - | - | - | - | 6 | 3.7 |
| Belgium | 96 | 940 | 131 | 14 (12-16) | -1.82 | 14 | 4.1 |
| Denmark | - | - | - | - | - | 7 | 2 |
| Finland | 11 | 211 | 8 | 4 (2-8) | -3.18 | 8[REMOVED ADVANCE FIELD] | [REMOVED ADVANCE FIELD]1.9 |
| [REMOVED ADVANCE FIELD]France | [REMOVED ADVANCE FIELD]- | [REMOVED ADVANCE FIELD]- | [REMOVED ADVANCE FIELD]- | [REMOVED ADVANCE FIELD]- | [REMOVED ADVANCE FIELD]- | 24[REMOVED ADVANCE FIELD] | [REMOVED ADVANCE FIELD]6.0 |
| Germany | 15 | 222 | 4 | 2 (1-5) | -3.89 | 5 | 2.5 |
| Iceland | 2 | 54 | 1 | 2 (0-11) | -3.89 | Not available | Not available |
| Ireland | 12 | 157 | 30 | 19 (13-26) | -1.45 | 11 | 2.5 |
| Italy | 46 | 194 | 26 | 13 (9-19) | -1.87 | 15 | 5.1 |
| Luxembourg | 1 | 11 | 2 | 18 (3-52) | -1.52 | 14 | 4.7 |
| Netherlands | 20 | 760 | 8 | 1 (0-2) | -4.6 | 4 | 1.2 |
| Portugal | 12 | 134 | 25 | 19 (13-27) | -1.45 | 16 | 3.7 |
| Spain | 76 | 1,240 | 418 | 34 (31-36) | -0.66 | 21 | 5.9 |
| Sweden | 24 | 706 | 21 | 3 (2-5) | -3.48 | 8 | 1 |
| United Kingdom | 22 | 243 | 21 | 9 (6-13) | -2.31 | 9 | 3.2 |
aDDD = defined daily doses; CI = confidence interval.
