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Issue Cover for Volume 14, Number 3—March 2008

Volume 14, Number 3—March 2008

[PDF - 5.24 MB - 179 pages]

ICEID logoInternational Conference on
Emerging Infectious Diseases
2008 Slide Sessions and Poster Abstracts

Research

Rescinding Community Mitigation Strategies in an Influenza Pandemic [PDF - 582 KB - 8 pages]
V. J. Davey and R. J. Glass

Using a networked, agent-based computational model of a stylized community, we evaluated thresholds for rescinding 2 community mitigation strategies after an influenza pandemic. We ended child sequestering or all-community sequestering when illness incidence waned to thresholds of 0, 1, 2, or 3 cases in 7 days in 2 levels of pandemic severity. An unmitigated epidemic or strategy continuation for the epidemic duration served as control scenarios. The 0-case per 7-day rescinding threshold was comparable to the continuation strategy on infection and illness rates but reduced the number of days strategies would be needed by 6% to 32% in mild or severe pandemics. If cases recurred, strategies were resumed at a predefined 10-case trigger, and epidemic recurrence was thwarted. Strategies were most effective when used with high compliance and when combined with stringent rescinding thresholds. The need for strategies implemented for control of an influenza pandemic was reduced, without increasing illness rates.

EID Davey VJ, Glass RJ. Rescinding Community Mitigation Strategies in an Influenza Pandemic. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(3):365-372. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.070673
AMA Davey VJ, Glass RJ. Rescinding Community Mitigation Strategies in an Influenza Pandemic. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2008;14(3):365-372. doi:10.3201/eid1403.070673.
APA Davey, V. J., & Glass, R. J. (2008). Rescinding Community Mitigation Strategies in an Influenza Pandemic. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 14(3), 365-372. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.070673.

Mycobacterium ulcerans Disease, Peru [PDF - 271 KB - 5 pages]
H. Guerra et al.

Eight adult patients (ages 18–58, 5 women) with Buruli ulcer (BU) confirmed by at least 2 diagnostic methods were seen in a 10-year period. Attempts to culture Mycobacterium ulcerans failed. Five patients came from jungle areas, and 3 from the swampy northern coast of Peru. The patients had 1–5 lesions, most of which were on the lower extremities. One patient had 5 clustered gluteal lesions; another patient had 2 lesions on a finger. Three patients were lost to follow-up. All 5 remaining patients had moderate disease. Diverse treatments (antituberculous drugs, World Health Organization [WHO] recommended antimicrobial drug treatment for BU, and for 3 patients, excision surgery) were successful. Only 1 patient (patient 7) received the specific drug treatment recommended by WHO. BU is endemic in Peru, although apparently infrequent. Education of populations and training of health workers are first needed to evaluate and understand the full extent of BU in Peru.

EID Guerra H, Palomino JC, Falconí E, Bravo F, Donaires N, Van Marck E, et al. Mycobacterium ulcerans Disease, Peru. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(3):373-377. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.070904
AMA Guerra H, Palomino JC, Falconí E, et al. Mycobacterium ulcerans Disease, Peru. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2008;14(3):373-377. doi:10.3201/eid1403.070904.
APA Guerra, H., Palomino, J. C., Falconí, E., Bravo, F., Donaires, N., Van Marck, E....Portaels, F. (2008). Mycobacterium ulcerans Disease, Peru. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 14(3), 373-377. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.070904.

Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study of Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections among Cystic Fibrosis Patients, Israel [PDF - 178 KB - 7 pages]
I. Levy et al.

This 2-year cross-sectional evaluation of nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infections involved all Israeli medical centers that treat cystic fibrosis patients. The study comprised 186 patients whose sputum was analyzed for NTM. The prevalence of NTM isolates was 22.6%, and 6.5% and 10.8% of the patients fulfilled the 1997 and 2007 American Thoracic Society criteria for NTM lung disease, respectively. Mycobacterium simiae (40.5%), M. abscessus (31.0%), and M. avium complex (14.3%) were the most prevalent. Presence of Aspergillus spp. in sputum and the number of sputum specimens processed for mycobacteria were the most significant predictors for isolation of NTM (odds ratio [OR] = 5.14, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.87–14.11 and OR = 1.47, 95% CI 1.17–1.85, respectively). The incidence of NTM pulmonary infections is increasing among cystic fibrosis patients, reflecting the increase in longevity of such patients as well as environmental exposure to various species of mycobacteria.

EID Levy I, Grisaru-Soen G, Lerner-Geva L, Kerem E, Blau H, Bentur L, et al. Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study of Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections among Cystic Fibrosis Patients, Israel. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(3):378-384. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.061405
AMA Levy I, Grisaru-Soen G, Lerner-Geva L, et al. Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study of Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections among Cystic Fibrosis Patients, Israel. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2008;14(3):378-384. doi:10.3201/eid1403.061405.
APA Levy, I., Grisaru-Soen, G., Lerner-Geva, L., Kerem, E., Blau, H., Bentur, L....Rahav, G. (2008). Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study of Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections among Cystic Fibrosis Patients, Israel. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 14(3), 378-384. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.061405.

Mycobacterium xenopi Clinical Relevance and Determinants, the Netherlands [PDF - 185 KB - 5 pages]
J. van Ingen et al.

In the Netherlands, isolation of Mycobacterium xenopi is infrequent, and its clinical relevance is often uncertain. To determine clinical relevance and determinants, we retrospectively reviewed medical files of all patients in the Netherlands in whom M. xenopi was isolated from January 1999 through March 2005 by using diagnostic criteria for nontuberculous mycobacterial infection published by the American Thoracic Society. We found 49 patients, mostly white men, with an average age of 60 years and pre-existing pulmonary disease; of these patients, 25 (51%) met the diagnostic criteria. Mycobacterial genotype, based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing, was associated with true infection. Most infections were pulmonary, but pleural and spinal infections (spinal in HIV-infected patients) were also noted. Treatment regimens varied in content and duration; some patients were overtreated and some were undertreated.

EID van Ingen J, Boeree MJ, de Lange WC, Hoefsloot W, Bendien SA, Magis-Escurra C, et al. Mycobacterium xenopi Clinical Relevance and Determinants, the Netherlands. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(3):385-389. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.061393
AMA van Ingen J, Boeree MJ, de Lange WC, et al. Mycobacterium xenopi Clinical Relevance and Determinants, the Netherlands. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2008;14(3):385-389. doi:10.3201/eid1403.061393.
APA van Ingen, J., Boeree, M. J., de Lange, W. C., Hoefsloot, W., Bendien, S. A., Magis-Escurra, C....van Soolingen, D. (2008). Mycobacterium xenopi Clinical Relevance and Determinants, the Netherlands. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 14(3), 385-389. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.061393.

Epidemiology of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria in Patients without HIV Infection, New York City [PDF - 190 KB - 7 pages]
E. E. Bodle et al.

We reviewed medical records of patients without known HIV and with positive cultures for nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) isolated during 2000–2003 from 1 large hospital in New York, New York. Overall, 505 patients had positive NTM cultures; 119 (24%) met the criteria for NTM disease. The difference between demographic characteristics of case-patients in our study (66% female, 61% white, and 59% >60 years of age) and those of the base population as determined by regional census data was statistically significant. Estimated incidences for positive cultures, all disease, and respiratory tract disease were 17.7, 2.7, and 2.0 per 100,000 persons, respectively. More patients with rapidly growing mycobacteria (61%), Mycobacterium kansasii (70%), or M. marinum (100%) met criteria for disease than did patients with M. avium complex (MAC) (27%, (p<0.01). NTM disease in patients without HIV is increasing. Laboratory-based surveillance may be useful for detecting non-MAC and non–respiratory tract disease.

EID Bodle EE, Cunningham JA, Della-Latta P, Schluger NW, Saiman L. Epidemiology of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria in Patients without HIV Infection, New York City. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(3):390-396. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.061143
AMA Bodle EE, Cunningham JA, Della-Latta P, et al. Epidemiology of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria in Patients without HIV Infection, New York City. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2008;14(3):390-396. doi:10.3201/eid1403.061143.
APA Bodle, E. E., Cunningham, J. A., Della-Latta, P., Schluger, N. W., & Saiman, L. (2008). Epidemiology of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria in Patients without HIV Infection, New York City. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 14(3), 390-396. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.061143.

Exposure to Novel Parainfluenza Virus and Clinical Relevance in 2 Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) Populations [PDF - 342 KB - 9 pages]
S. Venn-Watson et al.

Parainfluenza virus (PIV) is a leading cause of respiratory infections in humans. A novel virus closely related to human and bovine parainfluenza viruses types 3 (HPIV-3 and BPIV-3), named Tursiops truncatus parainfluenza virus type 1 (TtPIV-1), was isolated from a dolphin with respiratory disease. We developed a dolphin-specific ELISA to measure acute- and convalescent-phase PIV antibodies in dolphins during 1999–2006 with hemograms similar to that of the positive control. PIV seroconversion occurred concurrently with an abnormal hemogram in 22 animals, of which 7 (31.8%) had respiratory signs. Seroprevalence surveys were conducted on 114 healthy bottlenose dolphins in Florida and California. When the most conservative interpretation of positive was used, 11.4% of healthy dolphins were antibody positive, 29.8% were negative, and 58.8% were inconclusive. PIV appears to be a common marine mammal virus that may be of human health interest because of the similarity of TtPIV-1 to BPIV-3 and HPIV-3.

EID Venn-Watson S, Rivera R, Smith CR, Saliki JT, Caseltine S, St. Leger JA, et al. Exposure to Novel Parainfluenza Virus and Clinical Relevance in 2 Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) Populations. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(3):397-405. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.071250
AMA Venn-Watson S, Rivera R, Smith CR, et al. Exposure to Novel Parainfluenza Virus and Clinical Relevance in 2 Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) Populations. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2008;14(3):397-405. doi:10.3201/eid1403.071250.
APA Venn-Watson, S., Rivera, R., Smith, C. R., Saliki, J. T., Caseltine, S., St. Leger, J. A....Nollens, H. (2008). Exposure to Novel Parainfluenza Virus and Clinical Relevance in 2 Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) Populations. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 14(3), 397-405. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.071250.

Hantavirus RNA in Saliva from Patients with Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome [PDF - 342 KB - 6 pages]
L. Pettersson et al.

Hantaviruses cause 2 zoonotic diseases, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome. Infection is usually initiated after inhalation of virus-contaminated rodent excreta. In addition to the zoonotic infection route, growing evidence suggests person-to-person transmission of Andes virus. For this reason, we studied whether saliva from HFRS patients contained hantavirus. During an outbreak in northern Sweden of nephropathia epidemica (NE), a milder form of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, we collected saliva and plasma from 14 hospitalized NE patients with verified Puumala virus (PUUV) infection. PUUV RNA was detected in saliva from 10 patients (range 1,530–121,323 PUUV RNA copies/mL) by quantitative reverse transcription–PCR. The PUUV S-segment sequences from saliva and plasma of the same patients were identical. Our data show that hantavirus RNA could be detected in human saliva several days after onset of disease symptoms and raise the question whether interhuman transmission of hantavirus may occur through saliva.

EID Pettersson L, Klingström J, Hardestam J, Lundkvist Å, Ahlm C, Evander M. Hantavirus RNA in Saliva from Patients with Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(3):406-411. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.071242
AMA Pettersson L, Klingström J, Hardestam J, et al. Hantavirus RNA in Saliva from Patients with Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2008;14(3):406-411. doi:10.3201/eid1403.071242.
APA Pettersson, L., Klingström, J., Hardestam, J., Lundkvist, Å., Ahlm, C., & Evander, M. (2008). Hantavirus RNA in Saliva from Patients with Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 14(3), 406-411. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.071242.

Increased Mortality Rate Associated with Chikungunya Epidemic, Ahmedabad, India [PDF - 177 KB - 4 pages]
D. Mavalankar et al.
EID Mavalankar D, Shastri P, Bandyopadhyay T, Parmar J, Ramani KV. Increased Mortality Rate Associated with Chikungunya Epidemic, Ahmedabad, India. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(3):412-415. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.070720
AMA Mavalankar D, Shastri P, Bandyopadhyay T, et al. Increased Mortality Rate Associated with Chikungunya Epidemic, Ahmedabad, India. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2008;14(3):412-415. doi:10.3201/eid1403.070720.
APA Mavalankar, D., Shastri, P., Bandyopadhyay, T., Parmar, J., & Ramani, K. V. (2008). Increased Mortality Rate Associated with Chikungunya Epidemic, Ahmedabad, India. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 14(3), 412-415. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.070720.

Chikungunya Fever in Travelers Returning to Europe from the Indian Ocean Region, 2006 [PDF - 249 KB - 7 pages]
M. Panning et al.

Chikungunya fever has spread through several Indian Ocean islands and India, including popular travel destinations. To compare usefulness of diagnostic tests and to understand reasons for the magnitude and severity of an outbreak, we used 3 diagnostic methods to test 720 samples from 680 patients returning to Europe from the Indian Ocean region in 2006. Chikungunya infection was confirmed for 24.4% patients in the first half of the year and for 9.9% in the second half. Reverse transcription–PCR was positive for all samples taken up to day 4 after symptom onset. Immunofluorescence detected immunoglobulin (Ig) M on day 1 and IgG on day 2 for some patients, and in all patients from day 5 onward. Soon after onset of symptoms, patients had IgG and IgM and high viral loads (some >109 copies/mL plasma). These data will help healthcare providers select diagnostic tests for returning travelers.

EID Panning M, Grywna K, Van Esbroeck M, Emmerich P, Park S. Chikungunya Fever in Travelers Returning to Europe from the Indian Ocean Region, 2006. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(3):416-422. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.070906
AMA Panning M, Grywna K, Van Esbroeck M, et al. Chikungunya Fever in Travelers Returning to Europe from the Indian Ocean Region, 2006. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2008;14(3):416-422. doi:10.3201/eid1403.070906.
APA Panning, M., Grywna, K., Van Esbroeck, M., Emmerich, P., & Park, S. (2008). Chikungunya Fever in Travelers Returning to Europe from the Indian Ocean Region, 2006. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 14(3), 416-422. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.070906.

High Rate of Mobilization for blaCTX-Ms [PDF - 253 KB - 6 pages]
M. Barlow et al.

We constructed a phylogenetic analysis of class A β-lactamases and found that the blaCTX-Ms have been mobilized to plasmids ≈10 times more frequently than other class A β-lactamases. We also found that the blaCTX-Ms are descended from a common ancestor that was incorporated in ancient times into the chromosome of the ancestor of Kluyvera species through horizontal transfer. Considerable sequence divergence has occurred among the descendents of that ancestral gene sequence since that gene was inserted. That divergence has mainly occurred in the presence of purifying selection, which indicates a slow rate of evolution for blaCTX-Ms in the pre–antimicrobial drug era.

EID Barlow M, Reik RA, Jacobs SD, Medina M, Meyer MP, McGowan JE, et al. High Rate of Mobilization for blaCTX-Ms. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(3):423-428. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.070405
AMA Barlow M, Reik RA, Jacobs SD, et al. High Rate of Mobilization for blaCTX-Ms. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2008;14(3):423-428. doi:10.3201/eid1403.070405.
APA Barlow, M., Reik, R. A., Jacobs, S. D., Medina, M., Meyer, M. P., McGowan, J. E....Tenover, F. C. (2008). High Rate of Mobilization for blaCTX-Ms. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 14(3), 423-428. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.070405.

Integrated Food Chain Surveillance System for Salmonella spp. in Mexico [PDF - 385 KB - 7 pages]
M. B. Zaidi et al.

Few developing countries have foodborne pathogen surveillance systems, and none of these integrates data from humans, food, and animals. We describe the implementation of a 4-state, integrated food chain surveillance system (IFCS) for Salmonella spp. in Mexico. Significant findings were 1) high rates of meat contamination (21.3%–36.4%), 2) high rates of ceftriaxone-resistant S. Typhimurium in chicken, ill humans, and swine (77.3%, 66.3%, and 40.4% of S. Typhimurium T isolates, respectively), and 3) the emergence of ciprofloxacin resistance in S. Heidelberg (10.4%) and S. Typhimurium (1.7%) from swine. A strong association between Salmonella spp. contamination in beef and asymptomatic Salmonella spp. infection was only observed in the state with the lowest poverty level (Pearson r = 0.91, p<0.001). Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis of 311 S. Typhimurium isolates showed 14 clusters with 102 human, retail meat, and food-animal isolates with indistinguishable patterns. An IFCS is technically and economically feasible in developing countries and can effectively identify major public health priorities.

EID Zaidi MB, Calva JJ, Estrada-Garcia MT, Leon V, Vazquez G, Figueroa G, et al. Integrated Food Chain Surveillance System for Salmonella spp. in Mexico. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(3):429-435. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.071057
AMA Zaidi MB, Calva JJ, Estrada-Garcia MT, et al. Integrated Food Chain Surveillance System for Salmonella spp. in Mexico. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2008;14(3):429-435. doi:10.3201/eid1403.071057.
APA Zaidi, M. B., Calva, J. J., Estrada-Garcia, M. T., Leon, V., Vazquez, G., Figueroa, G....Tollefson, L. (2008). Integrated Food Chain Surveillance System for Salmonella spp. in Mexico. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 14(3), 429-435. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.071057.

Genetic Variability of West Nile Virus in US Blood Donors, 2002–2005 [PDF - 341 KB - 9 pages]
A. Grinev et al.

West Nile virus (WNV) was detected in the United States in 1999, has reoccurred every summer since, and has become endemic. Transfusion transmission was documented in 2002, and screening of blood donations for WNV began in 2003. We investigated genetic variation of WNV in human isolates obtained from specimens collected from 30 infected blood donors who tested positive for WNV RNA during 2002–2005. Complete genomic sequences of 8 isolates and structural gene sequences from 22 additional isolates were analyzed. We found some genetic diversity in isolates from different geographic regions and genetic divergence from reported sequences from epidemics in 1999–2001. Nucleotide divergence of structural genes showed a small increase from 2002 (0.18%) to 2005 (0.37%), suggesting absence of strong selective pressure and limited genetic evolution of WNV during that period. Nevertheless, WNV has continued to diverge from precursor isolates as geographic distribution of the virus has expanded.

EID Grinev A, Daniel S, Stramer SL, Rossmann SN, Caglioti S, Rios M. Genetic Variability of West Nile Virus in US Blood Donors, 2002–2005. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(3):436-444. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.070463
AMA Grinev A, Daniel S, Stramer SL, et al. Genetic Variability of West Nile Virus in US Blood Donors, 2002–2005. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2008;14(3):436-444. doi:10.3201/eid1403.070463.
APA Grinev, A., Daniel, S., Stramer, S. L., Rossmann, S. N., Caglioti, S., & Rios, M. (2008). Genetic Variability of West Nile Virus in US Blood Donors, 2002–2005. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 14(3), 436-444. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.070463.

Discovering and Differentiating New and Emerging Clonal Populations of Chlamydia trachomatis with a Novel Shotgun Cell Culture Harvest Assay [PDF - 410 KB - 9 pages]
N. Somboonna et al.

Chlamydia trachomatis is the leading cause of preventable blindness and bacterial sexually transmitted diseases worldwide. Plaque assays have been used to clonally segregate laboratory-adapted C. trachomatis strains from mixed infections, but no assays have been reported to segregate clones from recent clinical samples. We developed a novel shotgun cell culture harvest assay for this purpose because we found that recent clinical samples do not form plaques. Clones were strain-typed by using outer membrane protein A and 16S rRNA sequences. Surprisingly, ocular trachoma reference strain A/SA-1 contained clones of Chlamydophila abortus. C. abortus primarily infects ruminants and pigs and has never been identified in populations where trachoma is endemic. Three clonal variants of reference strain Ba/Apache-2 were also identified. Our findings reflect the importance of clonal isolation in identifying constituents of mixed infections containing new or emerging strains and of viable clones for research to more fully understand the dynamics of in vivo strain-mixing, evolution, and disease pathogenesis.

EID Somboonna N, Mead S, Liu J, Dean D. Discovering and Differentiating New and Emerging Clonal Populations of Chlamydia trachomatis with a Novel Shotgun Cell Culture Harvest Assay. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(3):445-453. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.071071
AMA Somboonna N, Mead S, Liu J, et al. Discovering and Differentiating New and Emerging Clonal Populations of Chlamydia trachomatis with a Novel Shotgun Cell Culture Harvest Assay. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2008;14(3):445-453. doi:10.3201/eid1403.071071.
APA Somboonna, N., Mead, S., Liu, J., & Dean, D. (2008). Discovering and Differentiating New and Emerging Clonal Populations of Chlamydia trachomatis with a Novel Shotgun Cell Culture Harvest Assay. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 14(3), 445-453. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.071071.

Molecular Epidemiology of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus, New York [PDF - 331 KB - 7 pages]
D. S. Young et al.

Perpetuation, overwintering, and extinction of eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) in northern foci are poorly understood. We therefore sought to describe the molecular epidemiology of EEEV in New York State during current and past epizootics. To determine whether EEEV overwinters, is periodically reintroduced, or both, we sequenced the E2 and partial NSP3 coding regions of 42 EEEV isolates from New York State and the Eastern Seaboard of the United States. Our phylogenetic analyses indicated that derived subclades tended to contain southern strains that had been isolated before genetically similar northern strains, suggesting southern to northern migration of EEEV along the Eastern Seaboard. Strong clustering among strains isolated during epizootics in New York from 2003–2005, as well as from 1974–1975, demonstrates that EEEV has overwintered in this focus. This study provides molecular evidence for the introduction of southern EEEV strains to New York, followed by local amplification, perpetuation, and overwintering.

EID Young DS, Kramer LD, Maffei JG, Dusek RJ, Backenson P, Mores CN, et al. Molecular Epidemiology of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus, New York. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(3):454-460. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.070816
AMA Young DS, Kramer LD, Maffei JG, et al. Molecular Epidemiology of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus, New York. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2008;14(3):454-460. doi:10.3201/eid1403.070816.
APA Young, D. S., Kramer, L. D., Maffei, J. G., Dusek, R. J., Backenson, P., Mores, C. N....Ebel, G. D. (2008). Molecular Epidemiology of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus, New York. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 14(3), 454-460. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.070816.
Dispatches

Transmission of Equine Influenza Virus to English Foxhounds [PDF - 289 KB - 4 pages]
J. M. Daly et al.

We retrospectively demonstrated that an outbreak of severe respiratory disease in a pack of English foxhounds in the United Kingdom in September 2002 was caused by an equine influenza A virus (H3N8). We also demonstrated that canine respiratory tissue possesses the relevant receptors for infection with equine influenza virus.

EID Daly JM, Blunden AS, MacRae S, Miller J, Bowman SJ, Kolodziejek J, et al. Transmission of Equine Influenza Virus to English Foxhounds. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(3):461-464. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.070643
AMA Daly JM, Blunden AS, MacRae S, et al. Transmission of Equine Influenza Virus to English Foxhounds. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2008;14(3):461-464. doi:10.3201/eid1403.070643.
APA Daly, J. M., Blunden, A. S., MacRae, S., Miller, J., Bowman, S. J., Kolodziejek, J....Smith, K. C. (2008). Transmission of Equine Influenza Virus to English Foxhounds. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 14(3), 461-464. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.070643.

Screening Pneumonia Patients for Mimivirus [PDF - 293 KB - 3 pages]
R. K. Dare et al.

Acanthamoeba polyphaga mimivirus (APM), a virus of free-living amebae, has reportedly caused human respiratory disease. Using 2 newly developed real-time PCR assays, we screened 496 respiratory specimens from 9 pneumonia-patient populations for APM. This virus was not detected in any specimen, which suggests it is not a common respiratory pathogen.

EID Dare RK, Chittaganpitch M, Erdman DD. Screening Pneumonia Patients for Mimivirus. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(3):465-467. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.071027
AMA Dare RK, Chittaganpitch M, Erdman DD. Screening Pneumonia Patients for Mimivirus. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2008;14(3):465-467. doi:10.3201/eid1403.071027.
APA Dare, R. K., Chittaganpitch, M., & Erdman, D. D. (2008). Screening Pneumonia Patients for Mimivirus. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 14(3), 465-467. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.071027.

Protective Effect of Maritime Quarantine in South Pacific Jurisdictions, 1918–19 Influenza Pandemic [PDF - 245 KB - 3 pages]
M. A. McLeod et al.

We reviewed mortality data of the 1918–19 influenza pandemic for 11 South Pacific Island jurisdictions. Four of these appear to have successfully delayed or excluded the arrival of pandemic influenza by imposing strict maritime quarantine. They also experienced lower excess death rates than the other jurisdictions that did not apply quarantine measures.

EID McLeod MA, Baker MG, Wilson N, Kelly H, Kiedrzynski T, Kool JL. Protective Effect of Maritime Quarantine in South Pacific Jurisdictions, 1918–19 Influenza Pandemic. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(3):468-470. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.070927
AMA McLeod MA, Baker MG, Wilson N, et al. Protective Effect of Maritime Quarantine in South Pacific Jurisdictions, 1918–19 Influenza Pandemic. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2008;14(3):468-470. doi:10.3201/eid1403.070927.
APA McLeod, M. A., Baker, M. G., Wilson, N., Kelly, H., Kiedrzynski, T., & Kool, J. L. (2008). Protective Effect of Maritime Quarantine in South Pacific Jurisdictions, 1918–19 Influenza Pandemic. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 14(3), 468-470. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.070927.

Dolphin Morbillivirus Epizootic Resurgence, Mediterranean Sea [PDF - 233 KB - 3 pages]
J. Raga et al.

In July 2007, >100 striped dolphins, Stenella coeruleoalba, were found dead along the coast of the Spanish Mediterranean. Of 10 dolphins tested, 7 were positive for a virus strain closely related to the dolphin morbillivirus that was isolated during a previous epizootic in 1990.

EID Raga J, Banyard A, Domingo M, Corteyn M, Van Bressem M, Fernández M, et al. Dolphin Morbillivirus Epizootic Resurgence, Mediterranean Sea. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(3):471-473. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.071230
AMA Raga J, Banyard A, Domingo M, et al. Dolphin Morbillivirus Epizootic Resurgence, Mediterranean Sea. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2008;14(3):471-473. doi:10.3201/eid1403.071230.
APA Raga, J., Banyard, A., Domingo, M., Corteyn, M., Van Bressem, M., Fernández, M....Barrett, T. (2008). Dolphin Morbillivirus Epizootic Resurgence, Mediterranean Sea. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 14(3), 471-473. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.071230.

Gastroenteritis Outbreak at Holiday Resort, Central Italy [PDF - 459 KB - 5 pages]
G. Migliorati et al.

During the summer of 2003, a gastroenteritis outbreak spread throughout a holiday resort in central Italy. Fecally contaminated groundwater and seawater were leaking into the non–drinking-water system, which was found to be connected to the drinking-water system of a large resort. This contamination had a primary role in the onset of the outbreak and spread of the infection.

EID Migliorati G, Prencipe V, Ripani A, Di Francesco C, Casaccia C, Crudeli S, et al. Gastroenteritis Outbreak at Holiday Resort, Central Italy. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(3):474-478. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.070121
AMA Migliorati G, Prencipe V, Ripani A, et al. Gastroenteritis Outbreak at Holiday Resort, Central Italy. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2008;14(3):474-478. doi:10.3201/eid1403.070121.
APA Migliorati, G., Prencipe, V., Ripani, A., Di Francesco, C., Casaccia, C., Crudeli, S....Ruggeri, F. M. (2008). Gastroenteritis Outbreak at Holiday Resort, Central Italy. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 14(3), 474-478. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.070121.

Methicillin-Resistant and -Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Sequence Type 398 in Pigs and Humans [PDF - 331 KB - 5 pages]
A. van Belkum et al.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus sequence type 398 (ST398 MRSA) was identified in Dutch pigs and pig farmers. ST398 methicillin-susceptible S. aureus circulates among humans at low frequency (0.2%) but was isolated in 3 human cases of bacteremia (2.1%; p = 0.026). Although its natural host is probably porcine, ST398 MRSA likely causes infections in humans.

EID van Belkum A, Melles DC, Peeters JK, van Leeuwen WB, van Duijkeren E, Huijsdens XW, et al. Methicillin-Resistant and -Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Sequence Type 398 in Pigs and Humans. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(3):479-483. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.070760
AMA van Belkum A, Melles DC, Peeters JK, et al. Methicillin-Resistant and -Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Sequence Type 398 in Pigs and Humans. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2008;14(3):479-483. doi:10.3201/eid1403.070760.
APA van Belkum, A., Melles, D. C., Peeters, J. K., van Leeuwen, W. B., van Duijkeren, E., Huijsdens, X. W....Verbrugh, H. A. (2008). Methicillin-Resistant and -Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Sequence Type 398 in Pigs and Humans. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 14(3), 479-483. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.070760.

Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Coronavirus Infection in Pigs, Argentina [PDF - 354 KB - 3 pages]
M. A. Quiroga et al.

We describe an outbreak of vomiting, wasting, and encephalomyelitis syndrome in piglets in Argentina, caused by porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis coronavirus (PHE-CoV) infection. Diagnosis was made by epidemiologic factors, pathologic features, immunohistochemistry, reverse transcription–PCR, and genomic sequencing. This study documents PHE-CoV infection in South America.

EID Quiroga MA, Cappuccio J, Piñeyro PE, Basso W, Moré G, Kienast M, et al. Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Coronavirus Infection in Pigs, Argentina. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(3):484-486. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.070825
AMA Quiroga MA, Cappuccio J, Piñeyro PE, et al. Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Coronavirus Infection in Pigs, Argentina. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2008;14(3):484-486. doi:10.3201/eid1403.070825.
APA Quiroga, M. A., Cappuccio, J., Piñeyro, P. E., Basso, W., Moré, G., Kienast, M....Perfumo, C. J. (2008). Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Coronavirus Infection in Pigs, Argentina. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 14(3), 484-486. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.070825.

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1) in Domestic Poultry and Relationship with Migratory Birds, South Korea [PDF - 441 KB - 4 pages]
Y. Lee et al.

During the 2006–2007 winter season in South Korea, several outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N1) were confirmed among domestic poultry and in migratory bird habitats. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all isolates were closely related and that all belong to the A/bar-headed goose/Qinghai/5/2005–like lineage rather than the A/chicken/Korea/ES/2003–like lineage.

EID Lee Y, Choi Y, Song M, Jeong O, Lee E, Jeon W, et al. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1) in Domestic Poultry and Relationship with Migratory Birds, South Korea. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(3):487-490. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.070767
AMA Lee Y, Choi Y, Song M, et al. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1) in Domestic Poultry and Relationship with Migratory Birds, South Korea. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2008;14(3):487-490. doi:10.3201/eid1403.070767.
APA Lee, Y., Choi, Y., Song, M., Jeong, O., Lee, E., Jeon, W....Kim, M. (2008). Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1) in Domestic Poultry and Relationship with Migratory Birds, South Korea. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 14(3), 487-490. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.070767.

Mutations in Influenza A Virus (H5N1) and Possible Limited Spread, Turkey, 2006 [PDF - 231 KB - 2 pages]
E. Altiok et al.

We report mutations in influenza A virus (H5N1) strains associated with 2 outbreaks in Turkey. Four novel amino acid changes (Q447L, N556K, and R46K in RNA polymerase and S133A in hemagglutinin) were detected in virus isolates from 2 siblings who died.

EID Altiok E, Taylan F, Yenen O, Demirkeser G, Bozaci M, Önel D, et al. Mutations in Influenza A Virus (H5N1) and Possible Limited Spread, Turkey, 2006. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(3):491-492. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.061237
AMA Altiok E, Taylan F, Yenen O, et al. Mutations in Influenza A Virus (H5N1) and Possible Limited Spread, Turkey, 2006. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2008;14(3):491-492. doi:10.3201/eid1403.061237.
APA Altiok, E., Taylan, F., Yenen, O., Demirkeser, G., Bozaci, M., Önel, D....Badur, S. (2008). Mutations in Influenza A Virus (H5N1) and Possible Limited Spread, Turkey, 2006. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 14(3), 491-492. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.061237.

Ciprofloxacin-Resistant Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhimurium, China [PDF - 254 KB - 3 pages]
S. Cui et al.

We characterized 44 Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium isolates from Tongji Hospital outpatients in Wuhan, China, May 2002–October 2005. All 31 ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates were also resistant to >8 other antimicrobial drugs and carried >2 mutations in GyrA and 1 mutation in ParC. Class 1 integrons were identified in 37 isolates.

EID Cui S, Li J, Sun Z, Hu C, Jin S, Guo Y, et al. Ciprofloxacin-Resistant Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhimurium, China. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(3):493-495. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.070857
AMA Cui S, Li J, Sun Z, et al. Ciprofloxacin-Resistant Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhimurium, China. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2008;14(3):493-495. doi:10.3201/eid1403.070857.
APA Cui, S., Li, J., Sun, Z., Hu, C., Jin, S., Guo, Y....Ma, Y. (2008). Ciprofloxacin-Resistant Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhimurium, China. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 14(3), 493-495. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.070857.

Geographic Linkage and Variation in Cryptosporidium hominis [PDF - 225 KB - 3 pages]
R. M. Chalmers et al.

UK Cryptosporidium hominis isolates have previously shown slight PCR fragment length polymorphism at multiple loci. To further investigate transmission, we conducted a case–control study and sequenced the GP60 locus from 115 isolates. Nine subtypes were identified; IbA10G2 predominated. Having a non-IbA10G2 subtype was significantly linked to recent travel outside Europe.

EID Chalmers RM, Hadfield SJ, Jackson CJ, Elwin K, Xiao L, Hunter P. Geographic Linkage and Variation in Cryptosporidium hominis. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(3):496-498. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.071320
AMA Chalmers RM, Hadfield SJ, Jackson CJ, et al. Geographic Linkage and Variation in Cryptosporidium hominis. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2008;14(3):496-498. doi:10.3201/eid1403.071320.
APA Chalmers, R. M., Hadfield, S. J., Jackson, C. J., Elwin, K., Xiao, L., & Hunter, P. (2008). Geographic Linkage and Variation in Cryptosporidium hominis. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 14(3), 496-498. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.071320.

Low Frequency of Infection with Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1) among Poultry Farmers, Thailand, 2004
S. Hinjoy et al.

In Thai provinces where avian influenza outbreaks in poultry had been confirmed in the preceding 6 months, serum from 322 poultry farmers was tested for antibodies to avian influenza virus subtype H5N1 by microneutralization assay. No study participant met the World Health Organization serologic criteria for confirmed infection.

EID Hinjoy S, Puthavathana P, Laosiritaworn Y, Limpakarnjanarat K, Pooruk P, Chuxnum T, et al. Low Frequency of Infection with Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1) among Poultry Farmers, Thailand, 2004. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(3):499-501. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.070662
AMA Hinjoy S, Puthavathana P, Laosiritaworn Y, et al. Low Frequency of Infection with Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1) among Poultry Farmers, Thailand, 2004. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2008;14(3):499-501. doi:10.3201/eid1403.070662.
APA Hinjoy, S., Puthavathana, P., Laosiritaworn, Y., Limpakarnjanarat, K., Pooruk, P., Chuxnum, T....Ungchusak, K. (2008). Low Frequency of Infection with Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1) among Poultry Farmers, Thailand, 2004. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 14(3), 499-501. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.070662.

Sylvatic Dengue Virus Type 2 Activity in Humans, Nigeria, 1966 [PDF - 223 KB - 3 pages]
S. C. Weaver et al.

Using phylogenetic analysis of complete virus genomes from human isolates obtained in Nigeria in 1966, we identified sylvatic dengue virus (DENV) strains from 3 febrile patients. This finding extends current understanding of the role of sylvatic DENV in febrile disease and documents another focus of sylvatic DENV transmission in West Africa.

EID Weaver SC, Tesh RB, Vasilakis N. Sylvatic Dengue Virus Type 2 Activity in Humans, Nigeria, 1966. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(3):502-504. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.070843
AMA Weaver SC, Tesh RB, Vasilakis N. Sylvatic Dengue Virus Type 2 Activity in Humans, Nigeria, 1966. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2008;14(3):502-504. doi:10.3201/eid1403.070843.
APA Weaver, S. C., Tesh, R. B., & Vasilakis, N. (2008). Sylvatic Dengue Virus Type 2 Activity in Humans, Nigeria, 1966. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 14(3), 502-504. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.070843.

Leptospirosis-associated Severe Pulmonary Hemorrhagic Syndrome, Salvador, Brazil [PDF - 180 KB - 4 pages]
E. L. Gouveia et al.

We report the emergence of leptospirosis-associated severe pulmonary hemorrhagic syndrome (SPHS) in slum communities in Salvador, Brazil. Although active surveillance did not identify SPHS before 2003, 47 cases were identified from 2003 through 2005; the case-fatality rate was 74%. By 2005, SPHS caused 55% of the deaths due to leptospirosis.

EID Gouveia EL, Metcalfe J, de Carvalho AL, Aires TS, Villasboas-Bisneto JC, Queirroz A, et al. Leptospirosis-associated Severe Pulmonary Hemorrhagic Syndrome, Salvador, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(3):505-508. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.071064
AMA Gouveia EL, Metcalfe J, de Carvalho AL, et al. Leptospirosis-associated Severe Pulmonary Hemorrhagic Syndrome, Salvador, Brazil. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2008;14(3):505-508. doi:10.3201/eid1403.071064.
APA Gouveia, E. L., Metcalfe, J., de Carvalho, A. L., Aires, T. S., Villasboas-Bisneto, J. C., Queirroz, A....Ko, A. I. (2008). Leptospirosis-associated Severe Pulmonary Hemorrhagic Syndrome, Salvador, Brazil. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 14(3), 505-508. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.071064.
Commentaries

Pandemic Influenza, Reopening Schools, and Returning to Work [PDF - 191 KB - 2 pages]
M. I. Meltzer

In this issue of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Victoria Davey and Robert Glass present a paper (1) in which they consider the question of when to “switch off” community-based interventions designed to reduce the spread of pandemic influenza. These authors attempt to answers questions such as when it would be optimal to reopen schools that have been closed as part of a nonpharmaceutical, communitywide influenza mitigation strategy.

EID Meltzer MI. Pandemic Influenza, Reopening Schools, and Returning to Work. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(3):509-510. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.080026
AMA Meltzer MI. Pandemic Influenza, Reopening Schools, and Returning to Work. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2008;14(3):509-510. doi:10.3201/eid1403.080026.
APA Meltzer, M. I. (2008). Pandemic Influenza, Reopening Schools, and Returning to Work. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 14(3), 509-510. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.080026.

On Rickettsia Nomenclature [PDF - 126 KB - 1 page]
R. F. Massung et al.
EID Massung RF, Nicholson WL, Eremeeva ME, Dasch GA. On Rickettsia Nomenclature. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(3):511. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.080065
AMA Massung RF, Nicholson WL, Eremeeva ME, et al. On Rickettsia Nomenclature. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2008;14(3):511. doi:10.3201/eid1403.080065.
APA Massung, R. F., Nicholson, W. L., Eremeeva, M. E., & Dasch, G. A. (2008). On Rickettsia Nomenclature. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 14(3), 511. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.080065.
Letters

Dengue Virus, Nepal [PDF - 109 KB - 2 pages]
B. D. Pandey et al.
EID Pandey BD, Morita K, Khanal SR, Takasaki T, Miyazaki I, Ogawa T, et al. Dengue Virus, Nepal. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(3):514-515. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.070473
AMA Pandey BD, Morita K, Khanal SR, et al. Dengue Virus, Nepal. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2008;14(3):514-515. doi:10.3201/eid1403.070473.
APA Pandey, B. D., Morita, K., Khanal, S. R., Takasaki, T., Miyazaki, I., Ogawa, T....Kurane, I. (2008). Dengue Virus, Nepal. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 14(3), 514-515. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.070473.

Human Tuberculosis Caused by Mycobacterium bovis, Taiwan [PDF - 114 KB - 3 pages]
R. Jou et al.
EID Jou R, Huang W, Chiang C. Human Tuberculosis Caused by Mycobacterium bovis, Taiwan. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(3):515-517. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.070058
AMA Jou R, Huang W, Chiang C. Human Tuberculosis Caused by Mycobacterium bovis, Taiwan. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2008;14(3):515-517. doi:10.3201/eid1403.070058.
APA Jou, R., Huang, W., & Chiang, C. (2008). Human Tuberculosis Caused by Mycobacterium bovis, Taiwan. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 14(3), 515-517. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.070058.

Marine Mammal Brucella Genotype Associated with Zoonotic Infection [PDF - 109 KB - 2 pages]
A. M. Whatmore et al.
EID Whatmore AM, Dawson C, Groussaud P, Koylass MS, King A, Shankster SJ, et al. Marine Mammal Brucella Genotype Associated with Zoonotic Infection. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(3):517-518. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.070829
AMA Whatmore AM, Dawson C, Groussaud P, et al. Marine Mammal Brucella Genotype Associated with Zoonotic Infection. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2008;14(3):517-518. doi:10.3201/eid1403.070829.
APA Whatmore, A. M., Dawson, C., Groussaud, P., Koylass, M. S., King, A., Shankster, S. J....McDonald, W. L. (2008). Marine Mammal Brucella Genotype Associated with Zoonotic Infection. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 14(3), 517-518. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.070829.

Ehrlichia chaffeensis in Child, Venezuela [PDF - 159 KB - 2 pages]
M. C. Martínez et al.
EID Martínez MC, Gutiérrez CN, Monger F, Ruiz J, Watts A, Mijares VM, et al. Ehrlichia chaffeensis in Child, Venezuela. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(3):519-520. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.061304
AMA Martínez MC, Gutiérrez CN, Monger F, et al. Ehrlichia chaffeensis in Child, Venezuela. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2008;14(3):519-520. doi:10.3201/eid1403.061304.
APA Martínez, M. C., Gutiérrez, C. N., Monger, F., Ruiz, J., Watts, A., Mijares, V. M....Triana-Alonso, F. J. (2008). Ehrlichia chaffeensis in Child, Venezuela. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 14(3), 519-520. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.061304.

Resource Allocation during an Influenza Pandemic [PDF - 167 KB - 1 page]
K. Paranthaman et al.
EID Paranthaman K, Conlon CP, Parker C, McCarthy N. Resource Allocation during an Influenza Pandemic. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(3):520. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.071275
AMA Paranthaman K, Conlon CP, Parker C, et al. Resource Allocation during an Influenza Pandemic. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2008;14(3):520. doi:10.3201/eid1403.071275.
APA Paranthaman, K., Conlon, C. P., Parker, C., & McCarthy, N. (2008). Resource Allocation during an Influenza Pandemic. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 14(3), 520. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.071275.

Novel Relapsing Fever Spirochete in Bat Tick [PDF - 126 KB - 2 pages]
J. S. Gill et al.
EID Gill JS, Ullmann AJ, Loftis AD, Schwan TG, Raffel SJ, Schrumpf ME, et al. Novel Relapsing Fever Spirochete in Bat Tick. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(3):522-523. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.070766
AMA Gill JS, Ullmann AJ, Loftis AD, et al. Novel Relapsing Fever Spirochete in Bat Tick. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2008;14(3):522-523. doi:10.3201/eid1403.070766.
APA Gill, J. S., Ullmann, A. J., Loftis, A. D., Schwan, T. G., Raffel, S. J., Schrumpf, M. E....Piesman, J. (2008). Novel Relapsing Fever Spirochete in Bat Tick. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 14(3), 522-523. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.070766.

KI and WU Polyomaviruses in Children, France [PDF - 141 KB - 3 pages]
V. Foulongne et al.
EID Foulongne V, Brieu N, Jeziorski E, Chatain A, Rodière M, Segondy M. KI and WU Polyomaviruses in Children, France. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(3):523-525. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.071206
AMA Foulongne V, Brieu N, Jeziorski E, et al. KI and WU Polyomaviruses in Children, France. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2008;14(3):523-525. doi:10.3201/eid1403.071206.
APA Foulongne, V., Brieu, N., Jeziorski, E., Chatain, A., Rodière, M., & Segondy, M. (2008). KI and WU Polyomaviruses in Children, France. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 14(3), 523-525. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.071206.

Milk Replacers and Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in Calves, Japan [PDF - 117 KB - 2 pages]
T. Tsutsui et al.
EID Tsutsui T, Yamamoto T, Hashimoto S, Nonaka T, Nishiguchi A, Kobayashi S. Milk Replacers and Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in Calves, Japan. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(3):525-526. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.070852
AMA Tsutsui T, Yamamoto T, Hashimoto S, et al. Milk Replacers and Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in Calves, Japan. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2008;14(3):525-526. doi:10.3201/eid1403.070852.
APA Tsutsui, T., Yamamoto, T., Hashimoto, S., Nonaka, T., Nishiguchi, A., & Kobayashi, S. (2008). Milk Replacers and Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in Calves, Japan. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 14(3), 525-526. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.070852.

Control of Hepatitis A by Universal Vaccination of Adolescents, Puglia, Italy [PDF - 129 KB - 3 pages]
P. L. Lopalco et al.
EID Lopalco PL, Prato R, Chironna M, Germinario C, Quarto M. Control of Hepatitis A by Universal Vaccination of Adolescents, Puglia, Italy. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(3):526-528. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.070900
AMA Lopalco PL, Prato R, Chironna M, et al. Control of Hepatitis A by Universal Vaccination of Adolescents, Puglia, Italy. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2008;14(3):526-528. doi:10.3201/eid1403.070900.
APA Lopalco, P. L., Prato, R., Chironna, M., Germinario, C., & Quarto, M. (2008). Control of Hepatitis A by Universal Vaccination of Adolescents, Puglia, Italy. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 14(3), 526-528. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.070900.

Human Rickettsia sibirica mongolitimonae Infection, Spain [PDF - 114 KB - 2 pages]
K. Aguirrebengoa et al.
EID Aguirrebengoa K, Portillo A, Santibáñez S, Marín JJ, Montejo M, Oteo JA. Human Rickettsia sibirica mongolitimonae Infection, Spain. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(3):528-529. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.070987
AMA Aguirrebengoa K, Portillo A, Santibáñez S, et al. Human Rickettsia sibirica mongolitimonae Infection, Spain. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2008;14(3):528-529. doi:10.3201/eid1403.070987.
APA Aguirrebengoa, K., Portillo, A., Santibáñez, S., Marín, J. J., Montejo, M., & Oteo, J. A. (2008). Human Rickettsia sibirica mongolitimonae Infection, Spain. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 14(3), 528-529. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.070987.

Lymphangitis in a Portuguese Patient Infected with Rickettsia sibirica [PDF - 145 KB - 3 pages]
R. de Sousa et al.
EID de Sousa R, Duque L, Poças J, Torgal J, Bacellar F, Olano JP, et al. Lymphangitis in a Portuguese Patient Infected with Rickettsia sibirica. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(3):529-531. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.070680
AMA de Sousa R, Duque L, Poças J, et al. Lymphangitis in a Portuguese Patient Infected with Rickettsia sibirica. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2008;14(3):529-531. doi:10.3201/eid1403.070680.
APA de Sousa, R., Duque, L., Poças, J., Torgal, J., Bacellar, F., Olano, J. P....Walker, D. H. (2008). Lymphangitis in a Portuguese Patient Infected with Rickettsia sibirica. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 14(3), 529-531. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.070680.

Hospital Resources for Pandemic Influenza [PDF - 108 KB - 1 page]
M. P. Dailey
EID Dailey MP. Hospital Resources for Pandemic Influenza. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(3):512. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.071570
AMA Dailey MP. Hospital Resources for Pandemic Influenza. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2008;14(3):512. doi:10.3201/eid1403.071570.
APA Dailey, M. P. (2008). Hospital Resources for Pandemic Influenza. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 14(3), 512. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.071570.

Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Osteomyelitis from Iraq [PDF - 128 KB - 3 pages]
J. J. Schafer and J. E. Mangino
EID Schafer JJ, Mangino JE. Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Osteomyelitis from Iraq. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(3):512-514. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.070128
AMA Schafer JJ, Mangino JE. Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Osteomyelitis from Iraq. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2008;14(3):512-514. doi:10.3201/eid1403.070128.
APA Schafer, J. J., & Mangino, J. E. (2008). Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Osteomyelitis from Iraq. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 14(3), 512-514. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.070128.
Another Dimension

The Same Air [PDF - 98 KB - 1 page]
A. Zolynas
EID Zolynas A. The Same Air. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(3):531. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.ad1403
AMA Zolynas A. The Same Air. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2008;14(3):531. doi:10.3201/eid1403.ad1403.
APA Zolynas, A. (2008). The Same Air. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 14(3), 531. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.ad1403.
Books and Media

Cold War, Deadly Fevers: Malaria Eradication in Mexico, 1955–1975 [PDF - 107 KB - 1 page]
P. M. Arguin
EID Arguin PM. Cold War, Deadly Fevers: Malaria Eradication in Mexico, 1955–1975. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(3):532. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.071564
AMA Arguin PM. Cold War, Deadly Fevers: Malaria Eradication in Mexico, 1955–1975. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2008;14(3):532. doi:10.3201/eid1403.071564.
APA Arguin, P. M. (2008). Cold War, Deadly Fevers: Malaria Eradication in Mexico, 1955–1975. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 14(3), 532. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.071564.

Parasites and Infectious Diseases: Discovery by Serendipity and Otherwise [PDF - 187 KB - 2 pages]
C. Ben Beard
EID Ben Beard C. Parasites and Infectious Diseases: Discovery by Serendipity and Otherwise. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(3):532-533. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.071540
AMA Ben Beard C. Parasites and Infectious Diseases: Discovery by Serendipity and Otherwise. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2008;14(3):532-533. doi:10.3201/eid1403.071540.
APA Ben Beard, C. (2008). Parasites and Infectious Diseases: Discovery by Serendipity and Otherwise. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 14(3), 532-533. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.071540.
About the Cover

Hygeia as Muse [PDF - 143 KB - 2 pages]
P. Potter
EID Potter P. Hygeia as Muse. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(3):534-535. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.ac1403
AMA Potter P. Hygeia as Muse. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2008;14(3):534-535. doi:10.3201/eid1403.ac1403.
APA Potter, P. (2008). Hygeia as Muse. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 14(3), 534-535. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.ac1403.
News and Notes

Etymologia: Mycobacterium [PDF - 205 KB - 1 page]
EID Etymologia: Mycobacterium. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(3):377. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.et1403
AMA Etymologia: Mycobacterium. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2008;14(3):377. doi:10.3201/eid1403.et1403.
APA (2008). Etymologia: Mycobacterium. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 14(3), 377. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.et1403.
Page created: September 10, 2013
Page updated: May 04, 2017
Page reviewed: May 04, 2017
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
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