Volume 19, Number 2—February 2013
Synopsis
Nipah Virus Infection Outbreak with Nosocomial and Corpse-to-Human Transmission, Bangladesh
Hossain M.S. Sazzad
, M. Jahangir Hossain, Emily S. Gurley, Kazi M.H. Ameen, Shahana Parveen, M. Saiful Islam, Labib I. Faruque, Goutam Podder, Sultana S. Banu, Michael K. Lo, Pierre E. Rollin, Paul A. Rota, Peter Daszak, Mahmudur Rahman, and Stephen P. Luby
, M. Jahangir Hossain, Emily S. Gurley, Kazi M.H. Ameen, Shahana Parveen, M. Saiful Islam, Labib I. Faruque, Goutam Podder, Sultana S. Banu, Michael K. Lo, Pierre E. Rollin, Paul A. Rota, Peter Daszak, Mahmudur Rahman, and Stephen P. Luby
Table 2
Bivariate analysis of risk factors for Nipah virus infection, Faridpur, Bangladesh 2010*
| Risk factor | No. (%) case-patients with risk factors, n = 15 | No. (%) controls with risk factors, n = 58 | mOR (95% CI) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male sex | 8 (53) | 26 (46) | 1.3 (0.4–4) | 0.62 |
| Climbed tree |
5 (33) |
16 (29) |
1.6 (0.7–3.7) |
0.24 |
| Physical contact with living animal | ||||
| Cow | 11 (73) | 32 (57) | 2.5 (0.6–9.9) | 0.2 |
| Goat | 5 (33) | 26 (46) | 0.4 (0.1–2.2) | 0.3 |
| Pig | 0 | 1 (2) | Undefined | Undefined |
| Chicken | 10 (67) | 39 (70) | 0.9 (0.3–2.9) | 0.83 |
| Duck | 8 (53) | 20 (36) | 1.9 (0.7–5.8) | 0.23 |
| Dog | 1 (7) | 4 (7) | 0.9 (0.1–7.9) | 0.91 |
| Cat | 1 (6) | 7 (13) | 0.4 (0.1–3.9) | 0.45 |
| Fruit bat |
0 |
0 |
Undefined |
Undefined |
| Physical contact with sick animal | ||||
| Cow | 0 | 4 (7) | Undefined | Undefined |
| Goat | 1 (7) | 1 (2) | 0.9 (0.4–2) | 0.76 |
| Chicken | 0 | 9 (16) | Undefined | Undefined |
| Duck |
1 (7) |
3 (5) |
1.2 (0.1–15) |
0.89 |
| Ate any animal that had been sick | 1 (7) | 3 (5) | 1.2 (0.1–15) | 0.89 |
| Had seen bats in or around residence at night |
12 (80) |
39 (70) |
1.2 (0.1–15) |
0.89 |
| Drank raw DPS | 9 (69) | 17 (30) | 7.9 (1.6–40) | 0.012 |
| Drank DPS before 9:00 |
8 (53) |
16 (100) |
Undefined |
Undefined |
| DPS was | ||||
| Purchased | 2 (20) | 5 (33) | 0.4 (0.04–4.8) | 0.49 |
| Given | 2 (20) | 4 (27) | Undefined | Undefined |
| Collected by a family member |
6 (67) |
5 (33) |
Undefined |
Undefined |
| Consumption of raw DPS during month before onset of illness, per day | ||||
| 0 | 5 (33) | 40 (71) | 1 | |
| <1 glass | 4 (27) | 4 (7) | 32 (2.1–474) | 0.01 |
| 1 glass | 3 (20) | 9 (16) | 4.3 (0.6–29) | 0.13 |
| >1 glass |
3 (20) |
3 (5) |
22 (1.2–404) |
0.04 |
| Is DPS harvester by profession | 4 (27) | 4 (7) | 8.7 (0.9–83) | 0.06 |
| Household member harvests DPS by profession | 4 (27) | 4 (7) | 8.7 (0.9–83) | 0.06 |
| Household distributes or sells DPS |
4 (27) |
5 (9) |
10 (1.1–100) |
0.04 |
| Ate fruit | ||||
| Banana | 11 (73) | 33 (60) | 1.9 (0.5–6.5) | 0.32 |
| Boroy/plum | 7 (47) | 29 (53) | 0.8 (0.2–3.1) | 0.75 |
| Papaya | 8 (53) | 29 (52) | 1.1 (0.3–3.2) | 0.95 |
| Sofeda | 3 (20) | 14 (25) | 0.7 (0.1–3.7) | 0.67 |
| Kamranga | 0 | 6 (11) | Undefined | Undefined |
| Guava | 4 (29) | 14 (25) | 1.4 (0.2–8.4) | 0.71 |
| Tamarind | 1 (7) | 8 (14) | 0.4 (0.4–3.7) | 0.42 |
| Custard apple |
1 (7) |
1 (2) |
Undefined |
Undefined |
| Visited another subdistrict |
5 (33) |
14 (25) |
1.6 (0.4–5.7) |
0.47 |
| Touched someone with fever and altered mental status who died later | 4 (29) | 2 (4) | Undefined | Undefined |
| Was in same room as someone with fever and altered mental status who died later | 4 (29) | 2 (4) | Undefined | Undefined |
*mOR, matched odds ratio; DPS, date palm sap.
Page created: January 22, 2013
Page updated: January 22, 2013
Page reviewed: January 22, 2013
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