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Issue Cover for Volume 15, Number 12—December 2009

Volume 15, Number 12—December 2009

[PDF - 7.25 MB - 215 pages]

Synopses

Towards Control of Streptococcus iniae [PDF - 381 KB - 6 pages]
J. C. Baiano and A. C. Barnes

Streptococcus iniae is an emerging zoonotic pathogen; such infections generally occur through injuries associated with preparing whole fresh fish for cooking. Those infected to date have been of Asian descent, are usually elderly (average age 68 years), and have had >1 underlying conditions that may predispose them to infection. Studies of the foundations of growth characteristics of S. iniae and its interactions with piscine host cells have recently been complemented by molecular studies. Advances in molecular biology have allowed research groups to identify numerous virulence factors and to explore their roles in the progression of S. iniae infection. Many of these virulence factors are homologous to those found in the major human pathogen S. pyogenes. An increased understanding of the properties of these factors and their effect on the success of infection is leading to novel approaches to control S. iniae infection; in particular, vaccination programs at fish farms have reduced the reservoir of infection for additional clinical cases.

EID Baiano JC, Barnes AC. Towards Control of Streptococcus iniae. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(12):1891-1896. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.090232
AMA Baiano JC, Barnes AC. Towards Control of Streptococcus iniae. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(12):1891-1896. doi:10.3201/eid1512.090232.
APA Baiano, J. C., & Barnes, A. C. (2009). Towards Control of Streptococcus iniae. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(12), 1891-1896. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.090232.
Research

Genomic Signatures of Influenza A Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Virus [PDF - 231 KB - 7 pages]
G. Chen and S. Shih

Adaptive mutations that have contributed to the emergence of influenza A pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus, which can replicate and transmit among humans, remain unknown. We conducted a large-scale scanning of influenza protein sequences and identified amino acid–conserving positions that are specific to host species, called signatures. Of 47 signatures that separate avian viruses from human viruses by their nonglycoproteins, 8 were human-like in the pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus. Close examination of their amino acid residues in the recent ancestral swine viruses of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus showed that 7 had already transitioned to human-like residues and only PA 356 retained an avian-like K; in pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus, this residue changed into a human-like R. Signatures that separate swine viruses from human viruses were also present. Continuous monitoring of these signatures in nonhuman species will help with influenza surveillance and with evaluation of the likelihood of further adaptation to humans.

EID Chen G, Shih S. Genomic Signatures of Influenza A Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Virus. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(12):1897-1903. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.090845
AMA Chen G, Shih S. Genomic Signatures of Influenza A Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Virus. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(12):1897-1903. doi:10.3201/eid1512.090845.
APA Chen, G., & Shih, S. (2009). Genomic Signatures of Influenza A Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Virus. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(12), 1897-1903. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.090845.

Cost-effectiveness Analysis of Hospital Infection Control Response to an Epidemic Respiratory Virus Threat [PDF - 286 KB - 8 pages]
Y. Y. Dan et al.

The outbreak of influenza A pandemic (H1N1) 2009 prompted many countries in Asia, previously strongly affected by severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), to respond with stringent measures, particularly in preventing outbreaks in hospitals. We studied actual direct costs and cost-effectiveness of different response measures from a hospital perspective in tertiary hospitals in Singapore by simulating outbreaks of SARS, pandemic (H1N1) 2009, and 1918 Spanish influenza. Protection measures targeting only infected patients yielded lowest incremental cost/death averted of $23,000 (US$) for pandemic (H1N1) 2009. Enforced protection in high-risk areas (Yellow Alert) and full protection throughout the hospital (Orange Alert) averted deaths but came at an incremental cost of up to $2.5 million/death averted. SARS and Spanish influenza favored more stringent measures. High case-fatality rates, virulence, and high proportion of atypical manifestations impacted cost-effectiveness the most. A calibrated approach in accordance with viral characteristics and community risks may help refine responses to future epidemics.

EID Dan YY, Tambyah PA, Sim J, Lim J, Hsu L, Chow WL, et al. Cost-effectiveness Analysis of Hospital Infection Control Response to an Epidemic Respiratory Virus Threat. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(12):1909-1916. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.090902
AMA Dan YY, Tambyah PA, Sim J, et al. Cost-effectiveness Analysis of Hospital Infection Control Response to an Epidemic Respiratory Virus Threat. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(12):1909-1916. doi:10.3201/eid1512.090902.
APA Dan, Y. Y., Tambyah, P. A., Sim, J., Lim, J., Hsu, L., Chow, W. L....Ho, K. Y. (2009). Cost-effectiveness Analysis of Hospital Infection Control Response to an Epidemic Respiratory Virus Threat. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(12), 1909-1916. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.090902.

Possible Interruption of Malaria Transmission, Highland Kenya, 2007–2008 [PDF - 380 KB - 8 pages]
C. C. John et al.

Highland areas where malaria transmission is unstable are targets for malaria elimination because transmission decreases to low levels during the dry season. In highland areas of Kipsamoite and Kapsisiywa, Kenya (population ≈7,400 persons), annual household indoor residual spraying with a synthetic pyrethroid was performed starting in 2005, and artemether/lumefantrine was implemented as first-line malaria treatment in October 2006. During April 2007–March 2008, no microscopy-confirmed cases of malaria occurred at the sites. In 4 assessments of asymptomatic persons during May 2007–April 2008, a total of <0.3% of persons were positive for asexual Plasmodium falciparum by microscopy or PCR at any time, and none were positive by PCR at the last 2 sample collections. Our findings show that in such areas, interruption and eventual elimination of malaria transmission may be achievable with widespread annual indoor residual spraying of households and artemisinin combination therapy.

EID John CC, Riedesel MA, Magak NG, Lindblade KA, Menge DM, Hodges JS, et al. Possible Interruption of Malaria Transmission, Highland Kenya, 2007–2008. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(12):1917-1924. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.090627
AMA John CC, Riedesel MA, Magak NG, et al. Possible Interruption of Malaria Transmission, Highland Kenya, 2007–2008. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(12):1917-1924. doi:10.3201/eid1512.090627.
APA John, C. C., Riedesel, M. A., Magak, N. G., Lindblade, K. A., Menge, D. M., Hodges, J. S....Akhwale, W. (2009). Possible Interruption of Malaria Transmission, Highland Kenya, 2007–2008. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(12), 1917-1924. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.090627.

Medscape CME Activity
Community-associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Outpatients, United States, 1999–2006 [PDF - 213 KB - 6 pages]
E. Klein et al.

Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) has become a major problem in US hospitals already dealing with high levels of hospital-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA). Using antimicrobial drug susceptibility data for 1999–2006 from The Surveillance Network, we characterized the relationship between outpatient and inpatient levels of CA-MRSA nationally. In outpatients, the frequency of CA-MRSA isolates has increased >7× during 1999–2006, which suggests that outpatients have become a major reservoir for CA-MRSA. However, contrary to results in other reports, although CA-MRSA increases are associated with decreases in the frequency of HA-MRSA in hospitals, the decreases are only modest. This finding suggests that instead of replacing HA-MRSA in the hospital, CA-MRSA is adding to the overall presence of MRSA already found within the hospital population.

EID Klein E, Smith DL, Laxminarayan R. Community-associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Outpatients, United States, 1999–2006. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(12):1925-1930. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.081341
AMA Klein E, Smith DL, Laxminarayan R. Community-associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Outpatients, United States, 1999–2006. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(12):1925-1930. doi:10.3201/eid1512.081341.
APA Klein, E., Smith, D. L., & Laxminarayan, R. (2009). Community-associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Outpatients, United States, 1999–2006. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(12), 1925-1930. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.081341.

Risk for Infection with Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1) in Backyard Chickens, Bangladesh [PDF - 223 KB - 6 pages]
P. K. Biswas et al.

To evaluate risk factors for infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus (H5N1) in backyard chickens in Bangladesh, we conducted a matched case–control study. We enrolled 25 case farms (cases March–November 2007) and 75 control farms (June–November 2007). We used a questionnaire to collect farm data, which were analyzed by matched-pair analysis and multivariate conditional logistic regression. Factors independently associated were offering slaughter remnants of purchased chickens to backyard chickens (odds ratio [OR] 13.29, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.34–131.98, p = 0.027), having a nearby water body (OR 5.27, 95% CI 1.24–22.34, p = 0.024), and having contact with pigeons (OR 4.47, 95% CI 1.14–17.50, p = 0.032). Separating chickens and ducks at night was protective (OR 0.06, 95% CI 0.01–0.45, p = 0.006). Reducing these risks and taking protective measures might reduce the risk for influenza (H5N1) infection in backyard chickens.

EID Biswas PK, Christensen JP, Ahmed SS, Das A, Rahman MH, Barua H, et al. Risk for Infection with Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1) in Backyard Chickens, Bangladesh. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(12):1931-1936. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.090643
AMA Biswas PK, Christensen JP, Ahmed SS, et al. Risk for Infection with Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1) in Backyard Chickens, Bangladesh. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(12):1931-1936. doi:10.3201/eid1512.090643.
APA Biswas, P. K., Christensen, J. P., Ahmed, S. S., Das, A., Rahman, M. H., Barua, H....Debnath, N. C. (2009). Risk for Infection with Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1) in Backyard Chickens, Bangladesh. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(12), 1931-1936. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.090643.

Landscape Epidemiology of Tularemia Outbreaks in Sweden [PDF - 807 KB - 11 pages]
K. Svensson et al.

Summer outbreaks of tularemia that occurred from 1995 through 2005 in 2 locations in Sweden affected 441 persons. We performed an epidemiologic investigation of these outbreaks using a novel strategy, involving high-resolution genotyping of Francisella tularensis isolates obtained from 136 patients (using 18 genetic markers developed from 6 F. tularensis genome sequences) and interviews with the patients. Strong spatial associations were found between F. tularensis subpopulations and the places of disease transmission; infection by some subpopulations occurred within areas as small as 2 km2, indicating unidentified environmental point sources of tularemia. In both locations, disease clusters were associated with recreational areas beside water, and genetic subpopulations were present throughout the tularemia season and persisted over years. High-resolution genotyping in combination with patients’ statements about geographic places of disease transmission provided valuable indications of likely sources of infection and the causal genotypes during these tularemia outbreaks.

EID Svensson K, Bäck E, Eliasson H, Berglund L, Granberg M, Karlsson L, et al. Landscape Epidemiology of Tularemia Outbreaks in Sweden. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(12):1937-1947. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.090487
AMA Svensson K, Bäck E, Eliasson H, et al. Landscape Epidemiology of Tularemia Outbreaks in Sweden. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(12):1937-1947. doi:10.3201/eid1512.090487.
APA Svensson, K., Bäck, E., Eliasson, H., Berglund, L., Granberg, M., Karlsson, L....Johansson, A. (2009). Landscape Epidemiology of Tularemia Outbreaks in Sweden. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(12), 1937-1947. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.090487.

Delineating Anaplasma phagocytophilum Ecotypes in Coexisting, Discrete Enzootic Cycles [PDF - 232 KB - 7 pages]
K. J. Bown et al.

The emerging tick-borne pathogen Anaplasma phagocytophilum is under increasing scrutiny for the existence of subpopulations that are adapted to different natural cycles. Here, we characterized the diversity of A. phagocytophilum genotypes circulating in a natural system that includes multiple hosts and at least 2 tick species, Ixodes ricinus and the small mammal specialist I. trianguliceps. We encountered numerous genotypes, but only 1 in rodents, with the remainder limited to deer and host-seeking I. ricinus ticks. The absence of the rodent-associated genotype from host-seeking I. ricinus ticks was notable because we demonstrated that rodents fed a large proportion of the I. ricinus larval population and that these larvae were abundant when infections caused by the rodent-associated genotype were prevalent. These observations are consistent with the conclusion that genotypically distinct subpopulations of A. phagocytophilum are restricted to coexisting but separate enzootic cycles and suggest that this restriction may result from specific vector compatibility.

EID Bown KJ, Lambin X, Ogden NH, Begon M, Telford G, Woldehiwet Z, et al. Delineating Anaplasma phagocytophilum Ecotypes in Coexisting, Discrete Enzootic Cycles. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(12):1948-1954. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.090178
AMA Bown KJ, Lambin X, Ogden NH, et al. Delineating Anaplasma phagocytophilum Ecotypes in Coexisting, Discrete Enzootic Cycles. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(12):1948-1954. doi:10.3201/eid1512.090178.
APA Bown, K. J., Lambin, X., Ogden, N. H., Begon, M., Telford, G., Woldehiwet, Z....Birtles, R. J. (2009). Delineating Anaplasma phagocytophilum Ecotypes in Coexisting, Discrete Enzootic Cycles. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(12), 1948-1954. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.090178.

Novel Calicivirus Identified in Rabbits, Michigan, USA [PDF - 439 KB - 8 pages]
I. L. Bergin et al.

We report a disease outbreak in a Michigan rabbitry of a rabbit calicivirus distinct from the foreign animal disease agent, rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV). The novel virus has been designated Michigan rabbit calicivirus (MRCV). Caliciviruses of the Lagovirus genus other than RHDV have not been described in US rabbit populations. The case-fatality rate was 32.5% (65/200). Clinical signs included hemorrhage and sudden death, with hepatic necrosis. Analysis of viral RNA sequence from >95% of the viral genome showed an average similarity of 79% with RHDV. Similarity of the predicted MRCV capsid amino acid sequence ranged from 89.8% to 91.3%, much lower than the 98% amino acid similarity between RHDV strains. Experimentally infected rabbits lacked clinical disease, but MRCV was detected in tissues by PCR. We propose that MRCV primarily causes subclinical infection but may induce overt RHD-like disease under certain field conditions.

EID Bergin IL, Wise AG, Bolin SR, Mullaney TP, Kiupel M, Maes RK. Novel Calicivirus Identified in Rabbits, Michigan, USA. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(12):1955-1962. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.090839
AMA Bergin IL, Wise AG, Bolin SR, et al. Novel Calicivirus Identified in Rabbits, Michigan, USA. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(12):1955-1962. doi:10.3201/eid1512.090839.
APA Bergin, I. L., Wise, A. G., Bolin, S. R., Mullaney, T. P., Kiupel, M., & Maes, R. K. (2009). Novel Calicivirus Identified in Rabbits, Michigan, USA. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(12), 1955-1962. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.090839.

Tick-borne Agents in Rodents, China, 2004–2006 [PDF - 206 KB - 5 pages]
L. Zhan et al.

A total of 705 rodents from 6 provinces and autonomous regions of mainland People’s Republic of China were tested by PCRs for tick-borne agents (Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, spotted fever group rickettsiae, and Francisella tularensis). Infection rates were 5.5%, 6.7%, 9.1% and 5.0%, respectively. Eighteen (2.6%) rodents of 10 species were positive for 2 or 3 agents. Sequence analysis of PCR products confirmed the presence and genotypes of detected agents. These findings demonstrate that these tick-borne agents cocirculate and that a variety of rodent species may be involved in their enzootic maintenance.

EID Zhan L, Cao W, Chu C, Jiang B, Zhang F, Fang L, et al. Tick-borne Agents in Rodents, China, 2004–2006. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(12):1904-1908. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.081141
AMA Zhan L, Cao W, Chu C, et al. Tick-borne Agents in Rodents, China, 2004–2006. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(12):1904-1908. doi:10.3201/eid1512.081141.
APA Zhan, L., Cao, W., Chu, C., Jiang, B., Zhang, F., Fang, L....Habbema, J. D. (2009). Tick-borne Agents in Rodents, China, 2004–2006. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(12), 1904-1908. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.081141.
Policy Review

Pandemic Influenza as 21st Century Urban Public Health Crisis [PDF - 274 KB - 7 pages]
D. M. Bell et al.

The percentage of the world’s population living in urban areas will increase from 50% in 2008 to 70% (4.9 billion) in 2025. Crowded urban areas in developing and industrialized countries are uniquely vulnerable to public health crises and face daunting challenges in surveillance, response, and public communication. The revised International Health Regulations require all countries to have core surveillance and response capacity by 2012. Innovative approaches are needed because traditional local-level strategies may not be easily scalable upward to meet the needs of huge, densely populated cities, especially in developing countries. The responses of Mexico City and New York City to the initial appearance of influenza A pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus during spring 2009 illustrate some of the new challenges and creative response strategies that will increasingly be needed in cities worldwide.

EID Bell DM, Weisfuse IB, Hernandez-Avila M, Del Rio C, Bustamante X, Rodier G. Pandemic Influenza as 21st Century Urban Public Health Crisis. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(12):1963-1969. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.091232
AMA Bell DM, Weisfuse IB, Hernandez-Avila M, et al. Pandemic Influenza as 21st Century Urban Public Health Crisis. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(12):1963-1969. doi:10.3201/eid1512.091232.
APA Bell, D. M., Weisfuse, I. B., Hernandez-Avila, M., Del Rio, C., Bustamante, X., & Rodier, G. (2009). Pandemic Influenza as 21st Century Urban Public Health Crisis. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(12), 1963-1969. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.091232.
Dispatches

Oseltamivir-Resistant Influenza A Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Virus, Hong Kong, China [PDF - 259 KB - 3 pages]
H. Chen et al.

Resistance to oseltamivir was observed in influenza A pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus isolated from an untreated person in Hong Kong, China. Investigations showed a resistant virus with the neuraminidase (NA) 274Y genotype in quasi-species from a nasopharyngeal aspirate. Monitoring for the naturally occurring NA 274Y mutation in this virus is necessary.

EID Chen H, Cheung CL, Tai H, Zhao P, Chan J, Cheng V, et al. Oseltamivir-Resistant Influenza A Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Virus, Hong Kong, China. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(12):1970-1972. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.091057
AMA Chen H, Cheung CL, Tai H, et al. Oseltamivir-Resistant Influenza A Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Virus, Hong Kong, China. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(12):1970-1972. doi:10.3201/eid1512.091057.
APA Chen, H., Cheung, C. L., Tai, H., Zhao, P., Chan, J., Cheng, V....Yuen, K. (2009). Oseltamivir-Resistant Influenza A Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Virus, Hong Kong, China. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(12), 1970-1972. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.091057.

Outbreak of Antiviral Drug–Resistant Influenza A in Long-Term Care Facility, Illinois, USA, 2008 [PDF - 282 KB - 4 pages]
N. J. Dharan et al.

An outbreak of oseltamivir-resistant influenza A (H1N1) occurred in a long-term care facility. Eight (47%) of 17 and 1 (6%) of 16 residents in 2 wards had oseltamivir-resistant influenza A virus (H1N1) infections. Initial outbreak response included treatment and prophylaxis with oseltamivir. The outbreak abated, likely because of infection control measures.

EID Dharan NJ, Patton M, Siston AM, Morita J, Ramirez E, Wallis TR, et al. Outbreak of Antiviral Drug–Resistant Influenza A in Long-Term Care Facility, Illinois, USA, 2008. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(12):1973-1976. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.081644
AMA Dharan NJ, Patton M, Siston AM, et al. Outbreak of Antiviral Drug–Resistant Influenza A in Long-Term Care Facility, Illinois, USA, 2008. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(12):1973-1976. doi:10.3201/eid1512.081644.
APA Dharan, N. J., Patton, M., Siston, A. M., Morita, J., Ramirez, E., Wallis, T. R....Fry, A. M. (2009). Outbreak of Antiviral Drug–Resistant Influenza A in Long-Term Care Facility, Illinois, USA, 2008. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(12), 1973-1976. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.081644.

Sympatry of 2 Hantavirus Strains, Paraguay, 2003–2007 [PDF - 331 KB - 4 pages]
Y. Chu et al.

To explore geographic and host-taxonomic patterns of hantaviruses in Paraguay, we established sampling sites in the Mbaracayú Biosphere Reserve. We detected Jaborá virus and Itapúa37/Juquitiba–related virus in locations ≈20 m apart in different years, which suggested sympatry of 2 distinct hantaviruses.

EID Chu Y, Goodin D, Owen RD, Koch D, Jonsson CB. Sympatry of 2 Hantavirus Strains, Paraguay, 2003–2007. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(12):1977-1980. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.090338
AMA Chu Y, Goodin D, Owen RD, et al. Sympatry of 2 Hantavirus Strains, Paraguay, 2003–2007. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(12):1977-1980. doi:10.3201/eid1512.090338.
APA Chu, Y., Goodin, D., Owen, R. D., Koch, D., & Jonsson, C. B. (2009). Sympatry of 2 Hantavirus Strains, Paraguay, 2003–2007. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(12), 1977-1980. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.090338.

Cross-sectional Survey of Hantavirus Infection, Brazil [PDF - 226 KB - 3 pages]
J. E. Limongi et al.

A cross-sectional serosurvey was conducted to assess the proportion of persons exposed to hantaviruses in a virus-endemic area of the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Findings of this study suggested the presence of >1 hantaviruses circulating in this region causing hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, mild disease, or asymptomatic infection.

EID Limongi JE, da Costa FC, Pinto RM, de Oliveira RC, Bragagnolo C, Lemos ER, et al. Cross-sectional Survey of Hantavirus Infection, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(12):1981-1983. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.090229
AMA Limongi JE, da Costa FC, Pinto RM, et al. Cross-sectional Survey of Hantavirus Infection, Brazil. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(12):1981-1983. doi:10.3201/eid1512.090229.
APA Limongi, J. E., da Costa, F. C., Pinto, R. M., de Oliveira, R. C., Bragagnolo, C., Lemos, E. R....Ferreira, M. S. (2009). Cross-sectional Survey of Hantavirus Infection, Brazil. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(12), 1981-1983. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.090229.

Bartonella rochalimae in Raccoons, Coyotes, and Red Foxes [PDF - 299 KB - 4 pages]
J. B. Henn et al.

To determine additional reservoirs for Bartonella rochalimae, we examined samples from several wildlife species. We isolated B. rochalimae from 1 red fox near Paris, France, and from 11 raccoons and 2 coyotes from California, USA. Co-infection with B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii was documented in 1 of the coyotes.

EID Henn JB, Chomel BB, Boulouis H, Kasten RW, Murray WJ, Bar-Gal GK, et al. Bartonella rochalimae in Raccoons, Coyotes, and Red Foxes. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(12):1984-1987. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.081692
AMA Henn JB, Chomel BB, Boulouis H, et al. Bartonella rochalimae in Raccoons, Coyotes, and Red Foxes. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(12):1984-1987. doi:10.3201/eid1512.081692.
APA Henn, J. B., Chomel, B. B., Boulouis, H., Kasten, R. W., Murray, W. J., Bar-Gal, G. K....Baneth, G. (2009). Bartonella rochalimae in Raccoons, Coyotes, and Red Foxes. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(12), 1984-1987. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.081692.

CTX-M β-Lactamase Production and Virulence of Escherichia coli K1 [PDF - 182 KB - 3 pages]
D. Dubois et al.

We report a patient with neonatal meningitis caused by a CTX-M-1–producing Escherichia coli K1 strain. The influence of CTX-M production on virulence was investigated in cell culture and a newborn mouse model of meningitis. CTX-M production had no influence on virulence but was a major factor in clinical outcome.

EID Dubois D, Prasadarao NV, Mittal R, Bret L, Roujou-Gris M, Bonnet R. CTX-M β-Lactamase Production and Virulence of Escherichia coli K1. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(12):1988-1990. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.090928
AMA Dubois D, Prasadarao NV, Mittal R, et al. CTX-M β-Lactamase Production and Virulence of Escherichia coli K1. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(12):1988-1990. doi:10.3201/eid1512.090928.
APA Dubois, D., Prasadarao, N. V., Mittal, R., Bret, L., Roujou-Gris, M., & Bonnet, R. (2009). CTX-M β-Lactamase Production and Virulence of Escherichia coli K1. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(12), 1988-1990. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.090928.

Ehrlichia chaffeensis Infection of Sika Deer, Japan [PDF - 181 KB - 3 pages]
M. Kawahara et al.

To determine whether Ehrlichia chaffeensis exists in Japan, we used PCR to examine blood from sika deer in Nara, Japan. Of 117 deer, 36 (31%) were infected with E. chaffeensis. The E. chaffeensis 16S rRNA base and GroEL amino acid sequences from Japan were most closely related to those of E. chaffeensis Arkansas.

EID Kawahara M, Tajima T, Torii H, Yabutani M, Ishii J, Harasawa M, et al. Ehrlichia chaffeensis Infection of Sika Deer, Japan. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(12):1991-1993. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.081667
AMA Kawahara M, Tajima T, Torii H, et al. Ehrlichia chaffeensis Infection of Sika Deer, Japan. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(12):1991-1993. doi:10.3201/eid1512.081667.
APA Kawahara, M., Tajima, T., Torii, H., Yabutani, M., Ishii, J., Harasawa, M....Rikihisa, Y. (2009). Ehrlichia chaffeensis Infection of Sika Deer, Japan. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(12), 1991-1993. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.081667.

Diagnostic Assay for Rickettsia japonica [PDF - 217 KB - 4 pages]
N. Hanaoka et al.

We developed a specific and rapid detection system for Rickettsia japonica and R. heilongjiangensis, the causative agents of spotted fever, using a TaqMan minor groove binder probe for a particular open reading frame (ORF) identified by the R. japonica genome project. The target ORF was present only in R. japonica–related strains.

EID Hanaoka N, Matsutani M, Kawabata H, Yamamoto S, Fujita H, Sakata A, et al. Diagnostic Assay for Rickettsia japonica. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(12):1994-1997. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.090252
AMA Hanaoka N, Matsutani M, Kawabata H, et al. Diagnostic Assay for Rickettsia japonica. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(12):1994-1997. doi:10.3201/eid1512.090252.
APA Hanaoka, N., Matsutani, M., Kawabata, H., Yamamoto, S., Fujita, H., Sakata, A....Takajo, I. (2009). Diagnostic Assay for Rickettsia japonica. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(12), 1994-1997. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.090252.

Novel Lineage of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Hong Kong [PDF - 159 KB - 3 pages]
L. Guardabassi et al.

To determine whether spa type of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in pigs belonged to sequence type (ST) 398, we analyzed nasal swabs from pig carcasses at Hong Kong markets in 2008. ST9 belonging to spa type t899 was found for 16/100 samples, which indicates that a distinct lineage has emerged in pigs.

EID Guardabassi L, O’Donoghue M, Moodley A, Ho J, Boost M. Novel Lineage of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Hong Kong. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(12):1998-2000. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.090378
AMA Guardabassi L, O’Donoghue M, Moodley A, et al. Novel Lineage of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Hong Kong. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(12):1998-2000. doi:10.3201/eid1512.090378.
APA Guardabassi, L., O’Donoghue, M., Moodley, A., Ho, J., & Boost, M. (2009). Novel Lineage of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Hong Kong. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(12), 1998-2000. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.090378.

Respiratory Infection in Institutions during Early Stages of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009, Canada [PDF - 139 KB - 3 pages]
A. Marchand-Austin et al.

Outbreaks of respiratory infection in institutions in Ontario, Canada were studied from April 20 to June 12, 2009, during the early stages of the emergence of influenza A pandemic (H1N1) 2009. Despite widespread presence of influenza in the general population, only 2 of 83 outbreaks evaluated by molecular methods were associated with pandemic (H1N1) 2009.

EID Marchand-Austin A, Farrell DJ, Jamieson FB, Lombardi N, Lombos E, Narang S, et al. Respiratory Infection in Institutions during Early Stages of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009, Canada. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(12):2001-2003. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.091022
AMA Marchand-Austin A, Farrell DJ, Jamieson FB, et al. Respiratory Infection in Institutions during Early Stages of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009, Canada. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(12):2001-2003. doi:10.3201/eid1512.091022.
APA Marchand-Austin, A., Farrell, D. J., Jamieson, F. B., Lombardi, N., Lombos, E., Narang, S....Gubbay, J. B. (2009). Respiratory Infection in Institutions during Early Stages of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009, Canada. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(12), 2001-2003. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.091022.

Estimates of the Prevalence of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009, United States, April–July 2009 [PDF - 267 KB - 4 pages]
C. Reed et al.

Through July 2009, a total of 43,677 laboratory-confirmed cases of influenza A pandemic (H1N1) 2009 were reported in the United States, which is likely a substantial underestimate of the true number. Correcting for under-ascertainment using a multiplier model, we estimate that 1.8 million–5.7 million cases occurred, including 9,000–21,000 hospitalizations.

EID Reed C, Angulo FJ, Swerdlow DL, Lipsitch M, Meltzer MI, Jernigan DB, et al. Estimates of the Prevalence of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009, United States, April–July 2009. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(12):2004-2007. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.091413
AMA Reed C, Angulo FJ, Swerdlow DL, et al. Estimates of the Prevalence of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009, United States, April–July 2009. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(12):2004-2007. doi:10.3201/eid1512.091413.
APA Reed, C., Angulo, F. J., Swerdlow, D. L., Lipsitch, M., Meltzer, M. I., Jernigan, D. B....Finelli, L. (2009). Estimates of the Prevalence of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009, United States, April–July 2009. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(12), 2004-2007. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.091413.

Mopeia Virus–related Arenavirus in Natal Multimammate Mice, Morogoro, Tanzania [PDF - 522 KB - 3 pages]
S. Günther et al.

A serosurvey involving 2,520 small mammals from Tanzania identified a hot spot of arenavirus circulation in Morogoro. Molecular screening detected a new arenavirus in Natal multimammate mice (Mastomys natalensis), Morogoro virus, related to Mopeia virus. Only a small percentage of mice carry Morogoro virus, although a large proportion shows specific antibodies.

EID Günther S, Hoofd G, Charrel R, Röser C, Becker-Ziaja B, Lloyd G, et al. Mopeia Virus–related Arenavirus in Natal Multimammate Mice, Morogoro, Tanzania. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(12):2008-2010. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.090864
AMA Günther S, Hoofd G, Charrel R, et al. Mopeia Virus–related Arenavirus in Natal Multimammate Mice, Morogoro, Tanzania. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(12):2008-2010. doi:10.3201/eid1512.090864.
APA Günther, S., Hoofd, G., Charrel, R., Röser, C., Becker-Ziaja, B., Lloyd, G....Leirs, H. (2009). Mopeia Virus–related Arenavirus in Natal Multimammate Mice, Morogoro, Tanzania. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(12), 2008-2010. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.090864.

Molecular Model of Prion Transmission to Humans [PDF - 522 KB - 4 pages]
M. Jones et al.

To assess interspecies barriers to transmission of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, we investigated the ability of disease-associated prion proteins (PrPd) to initiate conversion of the human normal cellular form of prion protein of the 3 major PRNP polymorphic variants in vitro. Protein misfolding cyclic amplification showed that conformation of PrPd partly determines host susceptibility.

EID Jones M, Wight D, Barron R, Jeffrey M, Manson JC, Prowse C, et al. Molecular Model of Prion Transmission to Humans. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(12):2013-2016. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.090194
AMA Jones M, Wight D, Barron R, et al. Molecular Model of Prion Transmission to Humans. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(12):2013-2016. doi:10.3201/eid1512.090194.
APA Jones, M., Wight, D., Barron, R., Jeffrey, M., Manson, J. C., Prowse, C....Head, M. W. (2009). Molecular Model of Prion Transmission to Humans. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(12), 2013-2016. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.090194.

Dobrava-Belgrade Virus Spillover Infections, Germany [PDF - 307 KB - 4 pages]
M. Schlegel et al.

We present the molecular identification of Apodemus agrarius (striped field mouse) as reservoir host of the Dobrava-Belgrade virus (DOBV) lineage DOBV-Aa in 3 federal states of Germany. Phylogenetic analyses provided evidence for multiple spillover of DOBV-Aa to A. flavicollis, a crucial prerequisite for host switch and genetic reassortment.

EID Schlegel M, Klempa B, Auste B, Bemmann M, Schmidt-Chanasit J, Büchner T, et al. Dobrava-Belgrade Virus Spillover Infections, Germany. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(12):2017-2020. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.090923
AMA Schlegel M, Klempa B, Auste B, et al. Dobrava-Belgrade Virus Spillover Infections, Germany. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(12):2017-2020. doi:10.3201/eid1512.090923.
APA Schlegel, M., Klempa, B., Auste, B., Bemmann, M., Schmidt-Chanasit, J., Büchner, T....Ulrich, R. G. (2009). Dobrava-Belgrade Virus Spillover Infections, Germany. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(12), 2017-2020. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.090923.

Wild Felids as Hosts for Human Plague, Western United States [PDF - 339 KB - 4 pages]
S. N. Bevins et al.

Plague seroprevalence was estimated in populations of pumas and bobcats in the western United States. High levels of exposure in plague-endemic regions indicate the need to consider the ecology and pathobiology of plague in nondomestic felid hosts to better understand the role of these species in disease persistence and transmission.

EID Bevins SN, Tracey JA, Franklin SP, Schmit VL, MacMillan ML, Gage KL, et al. Wild Felids as Hosts for Human Plague, Western United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(12):2021-2024. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.090526
AMA Bevins SN, Tracey JA, Franklin SP, et al. Wild Felids as Hosts for Human Plague, Western United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(12):2021-2024. doi:10.3201/eid1512.090526.
APA Bevins, S. N., Tracey, J. A., Franklin, S. P., Schmit, V. L., MacMillan, M. L., Gage, K. L....VandeWoude, S. (2009). Wild Felids as Hosts for Human Plague, Western United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(12), 2021-2024. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.090526.

Transplacental Transmission of Bluetongue Virus 8 in Cattle, UK [PDF - 279 KB - 4 pages]
K. E. Darpel et al.

To determine whether transplacental transmission could explain overwintering of bluetongue virus in the United Kingdom, we studied calves born to dams naturally infected during pregnancy in 2007–08. Approximately 33% were infected transplacentally; some had compromised health. In all infected calves, viral load decreased after birth; no evidence of persistent infection was found.

EID Darpel KE, Batten CA, Veronesi E, Williamson S, Anderson P, Dennison M, et al. Transplacental Transmission of Bluetongue Virus 8 in Cattle, UK. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(12):2025-2028. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.090788
AMA Darpel KE, Batten CA, Veronesi E, et al. Transplacental Transmission of Bluetongue Virus 8 in Cattle, UK. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(12):2025-2028. doi:10.3201/eid1512.090788.
APA Darpel, K. E., Batten, C. A., Veronesi, E., Williamson, S., Anderson, P., Dennison, M....Mellor, P. S. (2009). Transplacental Transmission of Bluetongue Virus 8 in Cattle, UK. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(12), 2025-2028. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.090788.

Echinococcus vogeli Infection in a Hunter, French Guiana [PDF - 215 KB - 3 pages]
J. Knapp et al.

Echinococcus vogeli infection in a hunter from the rain forest of French Guiana was confirmed by imaging and mitochondrial DNA sequence analysis. Serologic examination showed typical patterns for both alveolar and cystic echinococcosis. Polycystic echinococcis caused by E. vogeli may be an emerging parasitic disease in Central and South America.

EID Knapp J, Chirica M, Simonnet C, Grenouillet F, Bart J, Sako Y, et al. Echinococcus vogeli Infection in a Hunter, French Guiana. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(12):2029-2031. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.090940
AMA Knapp J, Chirica M, Simonnet C, et al. Echinococcus vogeli Infection in a Hunter, French Guiana. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(12):2029-2031. doi:10.3201/eid1512.090940.
APA Knapp, J., Chirica, M., Simonnet, C., Grenouillet, F., Bart, J., Sako, Y....Millon, L. (2009). Echinococcus vogeli Infection in a Hunter, French Guiana. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(12), 2029-2031. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.090940.

Recombination in Vaccine and Circulating Strains of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Viruses [PDF - 268 KB - 4 pages]
B. Li et al.

Em2007, a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) variant with a unique 68 aa deletion in Nsp2, was recently isolated in China. Phylogenetic and molecular evolutionary analyses indicated that Em2007 is a natural recombinant between a vaccine strain of PRRSV and circulating virus. We also tested its pathogenicity in piglets.

EID Li B, Fang L, Xu Z, Liu S, Gao J, Jiang Y, et al. Recombination in Vaccine and Circulating Strains of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Viruses. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(12):2032-2035. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.090390
AMA Li B, Fang L, Xu Z, et al. Recombination in Vaccine and Circulating Strains of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Viruses. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(12):2032-2035. doi:10.3201/eid1512.090390.
APA Li, B., Fang, L., Xu, Z., Liu, S., Gao, J., Jiang, Y....Xiao, S. (2009). Recombination in Vaccine and Circulating Strains of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Viruses. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(12), 2032-2035. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.090390.

Molecular Epidemiology of Glanders, Pakistan [PDF - 233 KB - 4 pages]
H. Hornstra et al.

We collected epidemiologic and molecular data from Burkholderia mallei isolates from equines in Punjab, Pakistan from 1999 through 2007. We show that recent outbreaks are genetically distinct from available whole genome sequences and that these genotypes are persistent and ubiquitous in Punjab, probably due to human-mediated movement of equines.

EID Hornstra H, Pearson T, Georgia S, Liguori A, Dale J, Price EP, et al. Molecular Epidemiology of Glanders, Pakistan. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(12):2036-2039. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.090738
AMA Hornstra H, Pearson T, Georgia S, et al. Molecular Epidemiology of Glanders, Pakistan. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(12):2036-2039. doi:10.3201/eid1512.090738.
APA Hornstra, H., Pearson, T., Georgia, S., Liguori, A., Dale, J., Price, E. P....Keim, P. (2009). Molecular Epidemiology of Glanders, Pakistan. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(12), 2036-2039. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.090738.

Aleutian Mink Disease Virus and Humans [PDF - 294 KB - 3 pages]
J. R. Jepsen et al.

Reports of a possible relationship between Aleutian mink disease parvovirus (AMDV) and human infection are rare. However, 2 mink farmers with vascular disease and microangiopathy similar to that in mink with Aleutian disease were found to have AMDV-specific antibodies and AMDV DNA. These findings raise the suspicion that AMDV may play a role in human disease.

EID Jepsen JR, d’Amore F, Baandrup U, Clausen MR, Gottschalck E, Aasted B. Aleutian Mink Disease Virus and Humans. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(12):2040-2042. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.090514
AMA Jepsen JR, d’Amore F, Baandrup U, et al. Aleutian Mink Disease Virus and Humans. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(12):2040-2042. doi:10.3201/eid1512.090514.
APA Jepsen, J. R., d’Amore, F., Baandrup, U., Clausen, M. R., Gottschalck, E., & Aasted, B. (2009). Aleutian Mink Disease Virus and Humans. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(12), 2040-2042. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.090514.

Changing Patterns of Human Campylobacteriosis, England and Wales, 1990–2007 [PDF - 241 KB - 3 pages]
I. Gillespie et al.

To explore hypotheses for age-related changes in the incidence of Campylobacter infections in England and Wales during 1990–2007, we analyzed electronic laboratory data. Disease incidence was reduced among children, and the greatest increase in risk was for those >60 years of age. Risk factors for campylobacteriosis in the elderly population should be identified.

EID Gillespie I, O’Brien SJ, Bolton FJ. Changing Patterns of Human Campylobacteriosis, England and Wales, 1990–2007. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(12):2046-2048. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.090280
AMA Gillespie I, O’Brien SJ, Bolton FJ. Changing Patterns of Human Campylobacteriosis, England and Wales, 1990–2007. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(12):2046-2048. doi:10.3201/eid1512.090280.
APA Gillespie, I., O’Brien, S. J., & Bolton, F. J. (2009). Changing Patterns of Human Campylobacteriosis, England and Wales, 1990–2007. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(12), 2046-2048. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.090280.

New Adenovirus in Bats, Germany [PDF - 372 KB - 4 pages]
M. Sonntag et al.

We tested 55 deceased vespertilionid bats of 12 species from southern Germany for virus infections. A new adenovirus was isolated from tissue samples of 2 Pipistrellus pipistrellus bats, which represents the only chiropteran virus isolate found in Europe besides lyssavirus (rabies virus). Evidence was found for adenovirus transmission between bats.

EID Sonntag M, Mühldorfer K, Speck S, Wibbelt G, Kurth A. New Adenovirus in Bats, Germany. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(12):2052-2055. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.090646
AMA Sonntag M, Mühldorfer K, Speck S, et al. New Adenovirus in Bats, Germany. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(12):2052-2055. doi:10.3201/eid1512.090646.
APA Sonntag, M., Mühldorfer, K., Speck, S., Wibbelt, G., & Kurth, A. (2009). New Adenovirus in Bats, Germany. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(12), 2052-2055. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.090646.

Human Trichinosis after Consumption of Soft-Shelled Turtles, Taiwan [PDF - 149 KB - 3 pages]
Y. Lo et al.

In 2008, an outbreak of human trichinosis associated with ingestion of raw soft-shelled turtles was identified and investigated in Taiwan. The data suggested that patients were likely infected with Trichinella papuae.

EID Lo Y, Hung C, Lai C, Wu Z, Nagano I, Maeda T, et al. Human Trichinosis after Consumption of Soft-Shelled Turtles, Taiwan. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(12):2056-2058. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.090619
AMA Lo Y, Hung C, Lai C, et al. Human Trichinosis after Consumption of Soft-Shelled Turtles, Taiwan. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(12):2056-2058. doi:10.3201/eid1512.090619.
APA Lo, Y., Hung, C., Lai, C., Wu, Z., Nagano, I., Maeda, T....Jiang, D. D. (2009). Human Trichinosis after Consumption of Soft-Shelled Turtles, Taiwan. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(12), 2056-2058. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.090619.

Identification of Francisella tularensis Cluster in Central and Western Europe [PDF - 236 KB - 3 pages]
P. Pilo et al.

We conducted a molecular analysis of Francisella tularensis strains isolated in Switzerland and identified a specific subpopulation belonging to a cluster of F. tularensis subsp. holarctica that is widely dispersed in central and western continental Europe. This subpopulation was present before the tularemia epidemics on the Iberian Peninsula.

EID Pilo P, Johansson A, Frey J. Identification of Francisella tularensis Cluster in Central and Western Europe. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(12):2049-2051. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.080805
AMA Pilo P, Johansson A, Frey J. Identification of Francisella tularensis Cluster in Central and Western Europe. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(12):2049-2051. doi:10.3201/eid1512.080805.
APA Pilo, P., Johansson, A., & Frey, J. (2009). Identification of Francisella tularensis Cluster in Central and Western Europe. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(12), 2049-2051. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.080805.

Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome, Beijing, People’s Republic of China [PDF - 388 KB - 3 pages]

We used geographic information systems to characterize the dynamic change in spatial distribution of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Beijing, People’s Republic of China. The seasonal variation in its incidence was observed by creating an epidemic curve. HFRS was associated with developed land, orchards, and rice paddies.

EID Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome, Beijing, People’s Republic of China. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(12):2043-2045. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.081078
AMA Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome, Beijing, People’s Republic of China. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(12):2043-2045. doi:10.3201/eid1512.081078.
APA (2009). Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome, Beijing, People’s Republic of China. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(12), 2043-2045. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.081078.
Letters

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 [PDF - 92 KB - 2 pages]
M. S. Firstenberg et al.
EID Firstenberg MS, Blais D, Louis LB, Stevenson KB, Sun B, Mangino JE. Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Pandemic (H1N1) 2009. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(12):2059-2060. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.091434
AMA Firstenberg MS, Blais D, Louis LB, et al. Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Pandemic (H1N1) 2009. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(12):2059-2060. doi:10.3201/eid1512.091434.
APA Firstenberg, M. S., Blais, D., Louis, L. B., Stevenson, K. B., Sun, B., & Mangino, J. E. (2009). Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Pandemic (H1N1) 2009. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(12), 2059-2060. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.091434.

Respiratory Disease in Adults during Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Outbreak, Argentina [PDF - 85 KB - 2 pages]
C. Zala and R. Gonzalez
EID Zala C, Gonzalez R. Respiratory Disease in Adults during Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Outbreak, Argentina. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(12):2060-2061. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.091062
AMA Zala C, Gonzalez R. Respiratory Disease in Adults during Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Outbreak, Argentina. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(12):2060-2061. doi:10.3201/eid1512.091062.
APA Zala, C., & Gonzalez, R. (2009). Respiratory Disease in Adults during Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Outbreak, Argentina. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(12), 2060-2061. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.091062.

Susceptibility of Poultry to Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Virus [PDF - 102 KB - 3 pages]
D. E. Swayne et al.
EID Swayne DE, Pantin-Jackwood M, Kapczynski D, Spackman E, Suarez DL. Susceptibility of Poultry to Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Virus. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(12):2061-2063. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.091060
AMA Swayne DE, Pantin-Jackwood M, Kapczynski D, et al. Susceptibility of Poultry to Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Virus. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(12):2061-2063. doi:10.3201/eid1512.091060.
APA Swayne, D. E., Pantin-Jackwood, M., Kapczynski, D., Spackman, E., & Suarez, D. L. (2009). Susceptibility of Poultry to Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Virus. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(12), 2061-2063. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.091060.

Oropouche Fever Outbreak, Manaus, Brazil, 2007–2008 [PDF - 91 KB - 2 pages]
M. P. Mourão et al.
EID Mourão MP, Bastos MS, Gimaque JB, Mota BR, Souza GS, Grimmer GH, et al. Oropouche Fever Outbreak, Manaus, Brazil, 2007–2008. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(12):2063-2064. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.090917
AMA Mourão MP, Bastos MS, Gimaque JB, et al. Oropouche Fever Outbreak, Manaus, Brazil, 2007–2008. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(12):2063-2064. doi:10.3201/eid1512.090917.
APA Mourão, M. P., Bastos, M. S., Gimaque, J. B., Mota, B. R., Souza, G. S., Grimmer, G. H....Figueiredo, L. T. (2009). Oropouche Fever Outbreak, Manaus, Brazil, 2007–2008. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(12), 2063-2064. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.090917.

Identical Strains of Borrelia hermsii in Mammal and Bird [PDF - 109 KB - 3 pages]
R. J. Fischer et al.
EID Fischer RJ, Johnson TL, Raffel SJ, Schwan TG. Identical Strains of Borrelia hermsii in Mammal and Bird. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(12):2064-2066. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.090792
AMA Fischer RJ, Johnson TL, Raffel SJ, et al. Identical Strains of Borrelia hermsii in Mammal and Bird. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(12):2064-2066. doi:10.3201/eid1512.090792.
APA Fischer, R. J., Johnson, T. L., Raffel, S. J., & Schwan, T. G. (2009). Identical Strains of Borrelia hermsii in Mammal and Bird. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(12), 2064-2066. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.090792.

Mycobacterium bovis and M. tuberculosis in Goats, Nigeria [PDF - 92 KB - 2 pages]
S. I. Cadmus et al.
EID Cadmus SI, Adesokan HK, Jenkins AO, van Soolingen D. Mycobacterium bovis and M. tuberculosis in Goats, Nigeria. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(12):2066-2067. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.090319
AMA Cadmus SI, Adesokan HK, Jenkins AO, et al. Mycobacterium bovis and M. tuberculosis in Goats, Nigeria. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(12):2066-2067. doi:10.3201/eid1512.090319.
APA Cadmus, S. I., Adesokan, H. K., Jenkins, A. O., & van Soolingen, D. (2009). Mycobacterium bovis and M. tuberculosis in Goats, Nigeria. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(12), 2066-2067. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.090319.

Streptococcus suis Meningitis, Hawaii [PDF - 119 KB - 3 pages]
N. Fittipaldi et al.
EID Fittipaldi N, Collis T, Prothero B, Gottschalk M. Streptococcus suis Meningitis, Hawaii. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(12):2067-2069. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.090825
AMA Fittipaldi N, Collis T, Prothero B, et al. Streptococcus suis Meningitis, Hawaii. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(12):2067-2069. doi:10.3201/eid1512.090825.
APA Fittipaldi, N., Collis, T., Prothero, B., & Gottschalk, M. (2009). Streptococcus suis Meningitis, Hawaii. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(12), 2067-2069. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.090825.

Chorioamnionitis and Neonatal Sepsis from Community-associated MRSA [PDF - 85 KB - 3 pages]
J. D. Pimentel et al.
EID Pimentel JD, Meier FA, Samuel LP. Chorioamnionitis and Neonatal Sepsis from Community-associated MRSA. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(12):2069-2071. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.090853
AMA Pimentel JD, Meier FA, Samuel LP. Chorioamnionitis and Neonatal Sepsis from Community-associated MRSA. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(12):2069-2071. doi:10.3201/eid1512.090853.
APA Pimentel, J. D., Meier, F. A., & Samuel, L. P. (2009). Chorioamnionitis and Neonatal Sepsis from Community-associated MRSA. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(12), 2069-2071. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.090853.

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Marine Mammals [PDF - 80 KB - 2 pages]
M. C. Faires et al.
EID Faires MC, Gehring E, Mergl J, Weese J. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Marine Mammals. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(12):2071-2072. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.090220
AMA Faires MC, Gehring E, Mergl J, et al. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Marine Mammals. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(12):2071-2072. doi:10.3201/eid1512.090220.
APA Faires, M. C., Gehring, E., Mergl, J., & Weese, J. (2009). Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Marine Mammals. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(12), 2071-2072. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.090220.

Parachlamydia and Rhabdochlamydia in Premature Neonates [PDF - 107 KB - 4 pages]
F. Lamoth et al.
EID Lamoth F, Aeby S, Schneider A, Jaton-Ogay K, Vaudaux B, Greub G. Parachlamydia and Rhabdochlamydia in Premature Neonates. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(12):2072-2075. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.090267
AMA Lamoth F, Aeby S, Schneider A, et al. Parachlamydia and Rhabdochlamydia in Premature Neonates. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(12):2072-2075. doi:10.3201/eid1512.090267.
APA Lamoth, F., Aeby, S., Schneider, A., Jaton-Ogay, K., Vaudaux, B., & Greub, G. (2009). Parachlamydia and Rhabdochlamydia in Premature Neonates. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(12), 2072-2075. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.090267.

Porcine Kobuvirus in Piglets, Thailand [PDF - 109 KB - 2 pages]
P. Khamrin et al.
EID Khamrin P, Maneekarn N, Kongkaew A, Kongkaew S, Okitsu S, Ushijima H. Porcine Kobuvirus in Piglets, Thailand. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(12):2075-2076. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.090724
AMA Khamrin P, Maneekarn N, Kongkaew A, et al. Porcine Kobuvirus in Piglets, Thailand. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(12):2075-2076. doi:10.3201/eid1512.090724.
APA Khamrin, P., Maneekarn, N., Kongkaew, A., Kongkaew, S., Okitsu, S., & Ushijima, H. (2009). Porcine Kobuvirus in Piglets, Thailand. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(12), 2075-2076. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.090724.

Rickettsia slovaca in Dermacentor marginatus ticks, Germany [PDF - 169 KB - 2 pages]
S. Pluta et al.
EID Pluta S, Tewald F, Hartelt K, Oehme R, Kimmig P, Mackenstedt U. Rickettsia slovaca in Dermacentor marginatus ticks, Germany. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(12):2077-2078. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.090843
AMA Pluta S, Tewald F, Hartelt K, et al. Rickettsia slovaca in Dermacentor marginatus ticks, Germany. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(12):2077-2078. doi:10.3201/eid1512.090843.
APA Pluta, S., Tewald, F., Hartelt, K., Oehme, R., Kimmig, P., & Mackenstedt, U. (2009). Rickettsia slovaca in Dermacentor marginatus ticks, Germany. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(12), 2077-2078. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.090843.
Another Dimension

A Groundhog, a Novel Bartonella Sequence, and My Father’s Death [PDF - 184 KB - 7 pages]
E. B. Breitschwerdt et al.
EID Breitschwerdt EB, Maggi RG, Cadenas MB, Diniz PP. A Groundhog, a Novel Bartonella Sequence, and My Father’s Death. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(12):2080-2086. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.ad1512
AMA Breitschwerdt EB, Maggi RG, Cadenas MB, et al. A Groundhog, a Novel Bartonella Sequence, and My Father’s Death. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(12):2080-2086. doi:10.3201/eid1512.ad1512.
APA Breitschwerdt, E. B., Maggi, R. G., Cadenas, M. B., & Diniz, P. P. (2009). A Groundhog, a Novel Bartonella Sequence, and My Father’s Death. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(12), 2080-2086. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.ad1512.
Books and Media

Filoviruses: A Compendium of 40 Years of Epidemiological, Clinical, and Laboratory Studies [PDF - 98 KB - 1 page]
P. E. Rollin
EID Rollin PE. Filoviruses: A Compendium of 40 Years of Epidemiological, Clinical, and Laboratory Studies. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(12):2079. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.091044
AMA Rollin PE. Filoviruses: A Compendium of 40 Years of Epidemiological, Clinical, and Laboratory Studies. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(12):2079. doi:10.3201/eid1512.091044.
APA Rollin, P. E. (2009). Filoviruses: A Compendium of 40 Years of Epidemiological, Clinical, and Laboratory Studies. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(12), 2079. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.091044.
About the Cover

“I think I could turn and live with animals” [PDF - 248 KB - 3 pages]
P. Potter
EID Potter P. “I think I could turn and live with animals”. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(12):2087-2089. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.ac1512
AMA Potter P. “I think I could turn and live with animals”. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(12):2087-2089. doi:10.3201/eid1512.ac1512.
APA Potter, P. (2009). “I think I could turn and live with animals”. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(12), 2087-2089. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.ac1512.
Etymologia

Calicivirus [PDF - 119 KB - 1 page]
EID Calicivirus. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(12):1954. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.e11512
AMA Calicivirus. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(12):1954. doi:10.3201/eid1512.e11512.
APA (2009). Calicivirus. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(12), 1954. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.e11512.
Corrections

Erratum—Vol. 15, No. 11 [PDF - 98 KB - 1 page]
EID Erratum—Vol. 15, No. 11. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(12):2079. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.c11512
AMA Erratum—Vol. 15, No. 11. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(12):2079. doi:10.3201/eid1512.c11512.
APA (2009). Erratum—Vol. 15, No. 11. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(12), 2079. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.c11512.
Page created: June 08, 2012
Page updated: June 08, 2012
Page reviewed: June 08, 2012
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
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