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Issue Cover for Volume 16, Number 12—December 2010

Volume 16, Number 12—December 2010

[PDF - 6.55 MB - 219 pages]

Perspective

Surveillance of Wild Birds for Avian Influenza Virus [PDF - 227 KB - 8 pages]
B. J. Hoye et al.

Recent demand for increased understanding of avian influenza virus in its natural hosts, together with the development of high-throughput diagnostics, has heralded a new era in wildlife disease surveillance. However, survey design, sampling, and interpretation in the context of host populations still present major challenges. We critically reviewed current surveillance to distill a series of considerations pertinent to avian influenza virus surveillance in wild birds, including consideration of what, when, where, and how many to sample in the context of survey objectives. Recognizing that wildlife disease surveillance is logistically and financially constrained, we discuss pragmatic alternatives for achieving probability-based sampling schemes that capture this host–pathogen system. We recommend hypothesis-driven surveillance through standardized, local surveys that are, in turn, strategically compiled over broad geographic areas. Rethinking the use of existing surveillance infrastructure can thereby greatly enhance our global understanding of avian influenza and other zoonotic diseases.

EID Hoye BJ, Munster VJ, Nishiura H, Klaassen M, Fouchier R. Surveillance of Wild Birds for Avian Influenza Virus. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(12):1827-1834. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100589
AMA Hoye BJ, Munster VJ, Nishiura H, et al. Surveillance of Wild Birds for Avian Influenza Virus. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(12):1827-1834. doi:10.3201/eid1612.100589.
APA Hoye, B. J., Munster, V. J., Nishiura, H., Klaassen, M., & Fouchier, R. (2010). Surveillance of Wild Birds for Avian Influenza Virus. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(12), 1827-1834. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100589.
Synopses

Cyprinid Herpesvirus 3 [PDF - 519 KB - 9 pages]
B. Michel et al.

The recently designated cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) is an emerging agent that causes fatal disease in common and koi carp. Since its emergence in the late 1990s, this highly contagious pathogen has caused severe financial losses in common and koi carp culture industries worldwide. In addition to its economic role, recent studies suggest that CyHV-3 may have a role in fundamental research. CyHV-3 has the largest genome among viruses in the order Herpesvirales and serves as a model for mutagenesis of large DNA viruses. Other studies suggest that the skin of teleost fish represents an efficient portal of entry for certain viruses. The effect of temperature on viral replication suggests that the body temperature of its poikilotherm host could regulate the outcome of the infection (replicative vs. nonreplicative). Recent advances with regard to CyHV-3 provide a role for this virus in fundamental and applied research.

EID Michel B, Fournier G, Lieffrig F, Costes B, Vanderplasschen A. Cyprinid Herpesvirus 3. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(12):1835-1843. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100593
AMA Michel B, Fournier G, Lieffrig F, et al. Cyprinid Herpesvirus 3. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(12):1835-1843. doi:10.3201/eid1612.100593.
APA Michel, B., Fournier, G., Lieffrig, F., Costes, B., & Vanderplasschen, A. (2010). Cyprinid Herpesvirus 3. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(12), 1835-1843. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100593.
Research

Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome in Argentina, 1995–2008 [PDF - 331 KB - 8 pages]
V. P. Martinez et al.

We report a large case series of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) in Argentina that was confirmed by laboratory restuls from 1995 through 2008. The geographic and temporal distribution of cases by age, sex, fatality rate, and risk factors for HPS was analyzed. A total of 710 cases were unequally distributed among 4 of the 5 Argentine regions. Different case-fatality rates were observed for each affected region, with a maximum rate of 40.5%. The male-to-female ratio for HPS case-patients was 3.7:1.0; the case-fatality rate was significantly higher for women. Agriculture-associated activities were most commonly reported as potential risk factors, especially among men of working age. Although HPS cases occurred predominantly in isolation, we identified 15 clusters in which strong relationships were observed between members, which suggests ongoing but limited person-to-person transmission.

EID Martinez VP, Bellomo CM, Cacace ML, Suárez P, Bogni L, Padula PJ. Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome in Argentina, 1995–2008. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(12):1853-1860. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.091170
AMA Martinez VP, Bellomo CM, Cacace ML, et al. Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome in Argentina, 1995–2008. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(12):1853-1860. doi:10.3201/eid1612.091170.
APA Martinez, V. P., Bellomo, C. M., Cacace, M. L., Suárez, P., Bogni, L., & Padula, P. J. (2010). Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome in Argentina, 1995–2008. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(12), 1853-1860. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.091170.

Environmental Sampling for Avian Influenza Virus A (H5N1) in Live-Bird Markets, Indonesia [PDF - 213 KB - 7 pages]
R. Indriani et al.

To identify environmental sites commonly contaminated by avian influenza virus A (H5N1) in live-bird markets in Indonesia, we investigated 83 markets in 3 provinces in Indonesia. At each market, samples were collected from up to 27 poultry-related sites to assess the extent of contamination. Samples were tested by using real-time reverse transcription–PCR and virus isolation. A questionnaire was used to ascertain types of birds in the market, general infrastructure, and work practices. Thirty-nine (47%) markets showed contamination with avian influenza virus in >1 of the sites sampled. Risk factors were slaughtering birds in the market and being located in West Java province. Protective factors included daily removal of waste and zoning that segregated poultry-related work flow areas. These results can aid in the design of evidence-based programs concerning environmental sanitation, food safety, and surveillance to reduce the risk for avian influenza virus A (H5N1) transmission in live-bird markets.

EID Indriani R, Samaan G, Gultom A, Loth L, Irianti S, Adjid R, et al. Environmental Sampling for Avian Influenza Virus A (H5N1) in Live-Bird Markets, Indonesia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(12):1889-1895. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100402
AMA Indriani R, Samaan G, Gultom A, et al. Environmental Sampling for Avian Influenza Virus A (H5N1) in Live-Bird Markets, Indonesia. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(12):1889-1895. doi:10.3201/eid1612.100402.
APA Indriani, R., Samaan, G., Gultom, A., Loth, L., Irianti, S., Adjid, R....Kelly, P. M. (2010). Environmental Sampling for Avian Influenza Virus A (H5N1) in Live-Bird Markets, Indonesia. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(12), 1889-1895. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100402.

Anatomy of Bluetongue virus Serotype 8 Epizootic Wave, France, 2007-2008 [PDF - 319 KB - 8 pages]
B. Durand et al.

The introduction of bluetongue virus serotype 8 into northern Europe at the end of summer 2006 initiated one of the most widespread epizootics of bluetongue infection ever to occur. In winter 2007–2008, a cross-sectional serologic study was conducted in France along a transect perpendicular to the epizootic wave. Cattle herd-level seroprevalence varied from 4% to 100%, and animal-level seroprevalence from <1% to 40%. Only a low proportion of seropositive herds reported clinical cases in 2007. Sheep flocks were less frequently affected than cattle herds. The local occurrence of clinical cases and environmental indicators linked to forests were seropositivity risk factors, whereas the local density of cows had a protective effect. Overall results suggest that amplification of virus circulation in affected herds played a limited role in the epizootic wave diffusion and that bluetongue virus serotype 8 circulation in natural ecosystems could have played a substantial role in this progression.

EID Durand B, Zanella G, Biteau-Coroller F, Locatelli C, Baurier F, Simon C, et al. Anatomy of Bluetongue virus Serotype 8 Epizootic Wave, France, 2007-2008. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(12):1861-1868. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100412
AMA Durand B, Zanella G, Biteau-Coroller F, et al. Anatomy of Bluetongue virus Serotype 8 Epizootic Wave, France, 2007-2008. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(12):1861-1868. doi:10.3201/eid1612.100412.
APA Durand, B., Zanella, G., Biteau-Coroller, F., Locatelli, C., Baurier, F., Simon, C....Guis, H. (2010). Anatomy of Bluetongue virus Serotype 8 Epizootic Wave, France, 2007-2008. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(12), 1861-1868. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100412.

Alkhurma Hemorrhagic Fever in Humans, Najran, Saudi Arabia [PDF - 293 KB - 7 pages]
A. G. Alzahrani et al.

Alkhurma virus is a flavivirus, discovered in 1994 in a person who died of hemorrhagic fever after slaughtering a sheep from the city of Alkhurma, Saudi Arabia. Since then, several cases of Alkhurma hemorrhagic fever (ALKHF), with fatality rates up to 25%, have been documented. From January 1, 2006, through April 1, 2009, active disease surveillance and serologic testing of household contacts identified ALKHF in 28 persons in Najran, Saudi Arabia. For epidemiologic comparison, serologic testing of household and neighborhood controls identified 65 serologically negative persons. Among ALKHF patients, 11 were hospitalized and 17 had subclinical infection. Univariate analysis indicated that the following were associated with Alkhurma virus infection: contact with domestic animals, feeding and slaughtering animals, handling raw meat products, drinking unpasteurized milk, and being bitten by a tick. After multivariate modeling, the following associations remained significant: animal contact, neighboring farms, and tick bites.

EID Alzahrani AG, Al Shaiban HM, Al Mazroa MA, Al-Hayani O, MacNeil A, Rollin PE, et al. Alkhurma Hemorrhagic Fever in Humans, Najran, Saudi Arabia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(12):1882-1888. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100417
AMA Alzahrani AG, Al Shaiban HM, Al Mazroa MA, et al. Alkhurma Hemorrhagic Fever in Humans, Najran, Saudi Arabia. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(12):1882-1888. doi:10.3201/eid1612.100417.
APA Alzahrani, A. G., Al Shaiban, H. M., Al Mazroa, M. A., Al-Hayani, O., MacNeil, A., Rollin, P. E....Memish, Z. A. (2010). Alkhurma Hemorrhagic Fever in Humans, Najran, Saudi Arabia. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(12), 1882-1888. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100417.

Freshwater Aquaculture Nurseries and Infection of Fish with Zoonotic Trematodes, Vietnam [PDF - 137 KB - 5 pages]
V. T. Phan et al.

Residents of the Red River Delta region of northern Vietnam have a long tradition of eating raw fish. Fish-borne zoonotic trematodes (FZTs) are estimated to infect ≈1 million persons in Vietnam. It remains uncertain at what stages in the aquaculture production cycle fish become infected with FZTs. Newly hatched fish (fry) from 8 hatcheries and juveniles from 27 nurseries were therefore examined for FZT infection. No FZTs were found in fry from hatcheries. In nurseries, FZT prevalence in juveniles was 14.1%, 48.6%, and 57.8% after 1 week, 4 weeks, and when overwintered in ponds, respectively. FZT prevalence was higher in grass carp (p<0.001) than in other carp species. Results show that nurseries are hot spots for FZT infections in fish. Thus, sustainable FZT prevention strategies must address aquaculture management practices, particularly in nurseries, to minimize the risk of distributing infected juveniles to grow-out ponds and, subsequently, to markets for human consumption.

EID Phan VT, Ersbøll AK, Nguyen TT, Nguyen KV, Nguyen HT, Murrell D, et al. Freshwater Aquaculture Nurseries and Infection of Fish with Zoonotic Trematodes, Vietnam. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(12):1905-1909. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100422
AMA Phan VT, Ersbøll AK, Nguyen TT, et al. Freshwater Aquaculture Nurseries and Infection of Fish with Zoonotic Trematodes, Vietnam. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(12):1905-1909. doi:10.3201/eid1612.100422.
APA Phan, V. T., Ersbøll, A. K., Nguyen, T. T., Nguyen, K. V., Nguyen, H. T., Murrell, D....Dalsgaard, A. (2010). Freshwater Aquaculture Nurseries and Infection of Fish with Zoonotic Trematodes, Vietnam. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(12), 1905-1909. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100422.

Bartonella spp. in Bats, Kenya [PDF - 262 KB - 7 pages]
M. Y. Kosoy et al.

We report the presence and diversity of Bartonella spp. in bats of 13 insectivorous and frugivorous species collected from various locations across Kenya. Bartonella isolates were obtained from 23 Eidolon helvum, 22 Rousettus aegyptiacus, 4 Coleura afra, 7 Triaenops persicus, 1 Hipposideros commersoni, and 49 Miniopterus spp. bats. Sequence analysis of the citrate synthase gene from the obtained isolates showed a wide assortment of Bartonella strains. Phylogenetically, isolates clustered in specific host bat species. All isolates from R. aegyptiacus, C. afra, and T. persicus bats clustered in separate monophyletic groups. In contrast, E. helvum and Miniopterus spp. bats harbored strains that clustered in several groups. Further investigation is needed to determine whether these agents are responsible for human illnesses in the region.

EID Kosoy MY, Bai Y, Lynch T, Kuzmin IV, Niezgoda M, Franka R, et al. Bartonella spp. in Bats, Kenya. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(12):1875-1881. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100601
AMA Kosoy MY, Bai Y, Lynch T, et al. Bartonella spp. in Bats, Kenya. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(12):1875-1881. doi:10.3201/eid1612.100601.
APA Kosoy, M. Y., Bai, Y., Lynch, T., Kuzmin, I. V., Niezgoda, M., Franka, R....Rupprecht, C. E. (2010). Bartonella spp. in Bats, Kenya. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(12), 1875-1881. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100601.

Yellow Fever Virus in Haemagogus leucocelaenus and Aedes serratus Mosquitoes, Southern Brazil, 2008 [PDF - 257 KB - 7 pages]
J. d. Cardoso et al.

Yellow fever virus (YFV) was isolated from Haemagogus leucocelaenus mosquitoes during an epizootic in 2001 in the Rio Grande do Sul State in southern Brazil. In October 2008, a yellow fever outbreak was reported there, with nonhuman primate deaths and human cases. This latter outbreak led to intensification of surveillance measures for early detection of YFV and support for vaccination programs. We report entomologic surveillance in 2 municipalities that recorded nonhuman primate deaths. Mosquitoes were collected at ground level, identified, and processed for virus isolation and molecular analyses. Eight YFV strains were isolated (7 from pools of Hg. leucocelaenus mosquitoes and another from Aedes serratus mosquitoes); 6 were sequenced, and they grouped in the YFV South American genotype I. The results confirmed the role of Hg. leucocelaenus mosquitoes as the main YFV vector in southern Brazil and suggest that Ae. serratus mosquitoes may have a potential role as a secondary vector.

EID Cardoso Jd, de Almeida MA, dos Santos E, da Fonseca DF, Sallum MA, Noll CA, et al. Yellow Fever Virus in Haemagogus leucocelaenus and Aedes serratus Mosquitoes, Southern Brazil, 2008. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(12):1918-1924. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100608
AMA Cardoso Jd, de Almeida MA, dos Santos E, et al. Yellow Fever Virus in Haemagogus leucocelaenus and Aedes serratus Mosquitoes, Southern Brazil, 2008. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(12):1918-1924. doi:10.3201/eid1612.100608.
APA Cardoso, J. d., de Almeida, M. A., dos Santos, E., da Fonseca, D. F., Sallum, M. A., Noll, C. A....Vasconcelos, P. (2010). Yellow Fever Virus in Haemagogus leucocelaenus and Aedes serratus Mosquitoes, Southern Brazil, 2008. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(12), 1918-1924. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100608.

Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus in Mosquitoes and Their Role as Bridge Vectors [PDF - 159 KB - 6 pages]
P. M. Armstrong and T. G. Andreadis

Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) is maintained in an enzootic cycle involving Culiseta melanura mosquitoes and avian hosts. Other mosquito species that feed opportunistically on mammals have been incriminated as bridge vectors to humans and horses. To evaluate the capacity of these mosquitoes to acquire, replicate, and potentially transmit EEEV, we estimated the infection prevalence and virus titers in mosquitoes collected in Connecticut, USA, by cell culture, plaque titration, and quantitative reverse transcription–PCR. Cs. melanura mosquitoes were the predominant source of EEEV (83 [68%] of 122 virus isolations) and the only species to support consistently high virus titers required for efficient transmission. Our findings suggest that Cs. melanura mosquitoes are primary enzootic and epidemic vectors of EEEV in this region, which may explain the relative paucity of human cases. This study emphasizes the need for evaluating virus titers from field-collected mosquitoes to help assess their role as vectors.

EID Armstrong PM, Andreadis TG. Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus in Mosquitoes and Their Role as Bridge Vectors. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(12):1869-1874. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100640
AMA Armstrong PM, Andreadis TG. Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus in Mosquitoes and Their Role as Bridge Vectors. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(12):1869-1874. doi:10.3201/eid1612.100640.
APA Armstrong, P. M., & Andreadis, T. G. (2010). Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus in Mosquitoes and Their Role as Bridge Vectors. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(12), 1869-1874. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100640.

Medscape CME Activity
Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Infection in Patients with Hematologic Malignancy [PDF - 236 KB - 8 pages]
C. Liu et al.

To assess outcomes of patients with hematologic malignancy and pandemic (H1N1) 2009 infection, we reviewed cases during June–December 2009 at the University of California San Francisco Medical Center. Seventeen (63%) and 10 (37%) patients had upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) and lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI), respectively. Cough (85%) and fever (70%) were the most common signs; 19% of patients had nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea. Sixty-five percent of URTI patients were outpatients; 35% recovered without antiviral therapy. All LRTI patients were hospitalized; half required intensive care unit admission. Complications included acute respiratory distress syndrome, pneumomediastinum, myocarditis, and development of oseltamivir-resistant virus; 3 patients died. Of the 3 patients with nosocomial pandemic (H1N1) 2009, 2 died. Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 may cause serious illness in patients with hematologic malignancy, primarily those with LRTI. Rigorous infection control, improved techniques for diagnosing respiratory disease, and early antiviral therapy can prevent nosocomial transmission and optimize patient care.

EID Liu C, Schwartz BS, Vallabhaneni S, Nixon M, Chin-Hong PV, Miller SA, et al. Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Infection in Patients with Hematologic Malignancy. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(12):1910-1917. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100772
AMA Liu C, Schwartz BS, Vallabhaneni S, et al. Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Infection in Patients with Hematologic Malignancy. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(12):1910-1917. doi:10.3201/eid1612.100772.
APA Liu, C., Schwartz, B. S., Vallabhaneni, S., Nixon, M., Chin-Hong, P. V., Miller, S. A....Drew, W. L. (2010). Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Infection in Patients with Hematologic Malignancy. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(12), 1910-1917. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100772.

Surveillance and Analysis of Avian Influenza Viruses, Australia [PDF - 489 KB - 9 pages]
P. M. Hansbro et al.

We investigated carriage of avian influenza viruses by wild birds in Australia, 2005–2008, to assess the risks to poultry industries and human health. We collected 21,858 (7,357 cloacal, 14,501 fecal) samples and detected 300 viruses, representing a detection rate of ≈1.4%. Rates were highest in autumn (March–May) and differed substantially between bird types, areas, and years. We typed 107 avian influenza viruses and identified 19 H5, 8 H7, and 16 H9 (40% of typed viruses). All were of low pathogenicity. These viruses formed clearly different phylogenetic clades to lineages from Eurasia or North America, suggesting the potential existence of Australian lineages. H7 viruses were similar to highly pathogenic H7 strains that caused outbreaks in poultry in Australia. Several periods of increased detection rates (numbers or subtypes of viruses) were identified. This study demonstrates the need for ongoing surveillance to detect emerging pathogenic strains and facilitate prevention of outbreaks.

EID Hansbro PM, Warner S, Tracey JP, Arzey KE, Selleck P, O’Riley K, et al. Surveillance and Analysis of Avian Influenza Viruses, Australia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(12):1896-1904. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100776
AMA Hansbro PM, Warner S, Tracey JP, et al. Surveillance and Analysis of Avian Influenza Viruses, Australia. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(12):1896-1904. doi:10.3201/eid1612.100776.
APA Hansbro, P. M., Warner, S., Tracey, J. P., Arzey, K. E., Selleck, P., O’Riley, K....Hurt, A. C. (2010). Surveillance and Analysis of Avian Influenza Viruses, Australia. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(12), 1896-1904. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100776.

Reemergence of Rabies in Chhukha District, Bhutan, 2008 [PDF - 477 KB - 6 pages]
B. Sharma et al.

From January through July 2008, rabies reemerged in the Chhukha district of southwestern Bhutan. To clarify the distribution and direction of spread of this outbreak, we mapped reported cases and conducted directional tests (mean center and standard deviational ellipse). The outbreak resulted in the death of 97 animals (42 cattle, 52 dogs, and 3 horses). Antirabies vaccine was given free of charge to ≈674 persons suspected to have been exposed. The outbreak spread south to north and appeared to follow road networks, towns, and areas of high human density associated with a large, free-roaming, dog population. The outbreak was controlled by culling free-roaming dogs. To prevent spread into the interior of Bhutan, a well-coordinated national rabies control program should be implemented in disease-endemic areas.

EID Sharma B, Dhand NK, Timsina N, Ward MP. Reemergence of Rabies in Chhukha District, Bhutan, 2008. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(12):1925-1930. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100958
AMA Sharma B, Dhand NK, Timsina N, et al. Reemergence of Rabies in Chhukha District, Bhutan, 2008. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(12):1925-1930. doi:10.3201/eid1612.100958.
APA Sharma, B., Dhand, N. K., Timsina, N., & Ward, M. P. (2010). Reemergence of Rabies in Chhukha District, Bhutan, 2008. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(12), 1925-1930. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100958.

Reassortant Group A Rotavirus from Straw-colored Fruit Bat (Eidolon helvum) [PDF - 537 KB - 9 pages]
M. D. Esona et al.

Bats are known reservoirs of viral zoonoses. We report genetic characterization of a bat rotavirus (Bat/KE4852/07) detected in the feces of a straw-colored fruit bat (Eidolon helvum). Six bat rotavirus genes (viral protein [VP] 2, VP6, VP7, nonstructural protein [NSP] 2, NSP3, and NSP5) shared ancestry with other mammalian rotaviruses but were distantly related. The VP4 gene was nearly identical to that of human P[6] rotavirus strains, and the NSP4 gene was closely related to those of previously described mammalian rotaviruses, including human strains. Analysis of partial sequence of the VP1 gene indicated that it was distinct from cognate genes of other rotaviruses. No sequences were obtained for the VP3 and NSP1 genes of the bat rotavirus. This rotavirus was designated G25-P[6]-I15-R8(provisional)-C8-Mx-Ax-N8-T11-E2-H10. Results suggest that several reassortment events have occurred between human, animal, and bat rotaviruses. Several additional rotavirus strains were detected in bats.

EID Esona MD, Mijatovic-Rustempasic S, Conrardy C, Tong S, Kuzmin IV, Agwanda B, et al. Reassortant Group A Rotavirus from Straw-colored Fruit Bat (Eidolon helvum). Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(12):1844-1852. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.101089
AMA Esona MD, Mijatovic-Rustempasic S, Conrardy C, et al. Reassortant Group A Rotavirus from Straw-colored Fruit Bat (Eidolon helvum). Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(12):1844-1852. doi:10.3201/eid1612.101089.
APA Esona, M. D., Mijatovic-Rustempasic, S., Conrardy, C., Tong, S., Kuzmin, I. V., Agwanda, B....Bowen, M. D. (2010). Reassortant Group A Rotavirus from Straw-colored Fruit Bat (Eidolon helvum). Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(12), 1844-1852. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.101089.
Historical Review

Mortality Risk Factors for Pandemic Influenza on New Zealand Troop Ship, 1918 [PDF - 305 KB - 7 pages]
J. A. Summers et al.

We describe the epidemiology and risk factors for death in an outbreak of pandemic influenza on a troop ship. Mortality and descriptive data for military personnel on His Majesty’s New Zealand Transport troop ship Tahiti in July 1918 were analyzed, along with archival information. Mortality risk was increased among persons 25–34 years of age. Accommodations in cabins rather than sleeping in hammocks in other areas were also associated with increased mortality risk (rate ratio 4.28, 95% confidence interval 2.69–6.81). Assignment to a particular military unit, the field artillery (probably housed in cabins), also made a significant difference (adjusted odds ratio in logistic regression 3.04, 95% confidence interval 1.59–5.82). There were no significant differences by assigned rurality (rural residence) or socioeconomic status. Results suggest that the virulent nature of the 1918 influenza strain, a crowded environment, and inadequate isolation measures contributed to the high influenza mortality rate onboard this ship.

EID Summers JA, Wilson N, Baker MG, Shanks G. Mortality Risk Factors for Pandemic Influenza on New Zealand Troop Ship, 1918. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(12):1931-1937. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100429
AMA Summers JA, Wilson N, Baker MG, et al. Mortality Risk Factors for Pandemic Influenza on New Zealand Troop Ship, 1918. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(12):1931-1937. doi:10.3201/eid1612.100429.
APA Summers, J. A., Wilson, N., Baker, M. G., & Shanks, G. (2010). Mortality Risk Factors for Pandemic Influenza on New Zealand Troop Ship, 1918. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(12), 1931-1937. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100429.
Dispatches

Co-detection of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Virus and Other Respiratory Pathogens [PDF - 167 KB - 3 pages]
K. Koon et al.

From May through October 2009, a total of 10,624 clinical samples from 23 US states were screened for multiple respiratory pathogen gene targets. Of 3,110 (29.3%) samples positive for pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus, 28% contained >1 other pathogen, most commonly Staphylococcus aureus (14.7%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (10.2%), and Haemophilus influenzae (3.5%).

EID Koon K, Sanders CM, Green J, Malone L, White H, Zayas D, et al. Co-detection of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Virus and Other Respiratory Pathogens. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(12):1976-1978. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.091697
AMA Koon K, Sanders CM, Green J, et al. Co-detection of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Virus and Other Respiratory Pathogens. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(12):1976-1978. doi:10.3201/eid1612.091697.
APA Koon, K., Sanders, C. M., Green, J., Malone, L., White, H., Zayas, D....Han, J. (2010). Co-detection of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Virus and Other Respiratory Pathogens. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(12), 1976-1978. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.091697.

Characterization of Nipah Virus from Naturally Infected Pteropus vampyrus Bats, Malaysia [PDF - 165 KB - 4 pages]
S. A. Rahman et al.

We isolated and characterized Nipah virus (NiV) from Pteropus vampyrus bats, the putative reservoir for the 1998 outbreak in Malaysia, and provide evidence of viral recrudescence. This isolate is monophyletic with previous NiVs in combined analysis, and the nucleocapsid gene phylogeny suggests that similar strains of NiV are co-circulating in sympatric reservoir species.

EID Rahman SA, Hassan SS, Olival KJ, Mohamed M, Chang L, Hassan L, et al. Characterization of Nipah Virus from Naturally Infected Pteropus vampyrus Bats, Malaysia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(12):1990-1993. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.091790
AMA Rahman SA, Hassan SS, Olival KJ, et al. Characterization of Nipah Virus from Naturally Infected Pteropus vampyrus Bats, Malaysia. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(12):1990-1993. doi:10.3201/eid1612.091790.
APA Rahman, S. A., Hassan, S. S., Olival, K. J., Mohamed, M., Chang, L., Hassan, L....Daszak, P. (2010). Characterization of Nipah Virus from Naturally Infected Pteropus vampyrus Bats, Malaysia. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(12), 1990-1993. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.091790.

Emergence of African Swine Fever Virus, Northwestern Iran [PDF - 352 KB - 3 pages]
P. Rahimi et al.

In 2008, African swine fever was introduced into Georgia, after which it spread to neighboring Armenia, Azerbaijan, and the Russian Federation. That same year, PCR and sequence analysis identified African swine fever virus in samples from 3 dead female wild boars in northwestern Iran. Wild boars may serve as a reservoir.

EID Rahimi P, Sohrabi A, Ashrafihelan J, Edalat R, Alamdari M, Masoudi M, et al. Emergence of African Swine Fever Virus, Northwestern Iran. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(12):1946-1948. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100378
AMA Rahimi P, Sohrabi A, Ashrafihelan J, et al. Emergence of African Swine Fever Virus, Northwestern Iran. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(12):1946-1948. doi:10.3201/eid1612.100378.
APA Rahimi, P., Sohrabi, A., Ashrafihelan, J., Edalat, R., Alamdari, M., Masoudi, M....Azadmanesh, K. (2010). Emergence of African Swine Fever Virus, Northwestern Iran. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(12), 1946-1948. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100378.

Hantaviruses and Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome, Maranhão, Brazil [PDF - 250 KB - 4 pages]
E. S. Travassos da Rosa et al.

To confirm circulation of Anajatuba virus in Maranhão, Brazil, we conducted a serologic survey (immunoglobulin G ELISA) and phylogenetic studies (nucleocapsid gene sequences) of hantaviruses from wild rodents and persons with hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. This virus is transmitted by Oligoryzomys fornesi rodents and is responsible for hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in this region.

EID Travassos da Rosa ES, Sampaio de Lemos ER, Medeiros DB, Simith DB, Pereira Ad, Elkhoury MR, et al. Hantaviruses and Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome, Maranhão, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(12):1952-1955. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100418
AMA Travassos da Rosa ES, Sampaio de Lemos ER, Medeiros DB, et al. Hantaviruses and Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome, Maranhão, Brazil. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(12):1952-1955. doi:10.3201/eid1612.100418.
APA Travassos da Rosa, E. S., Sampaio de Lemos, E. R., Medeiros, D. B., Simith, D. B., Pereira, A. d., Elkhoury, M. R....Vasconcelos, P. (2010). Hantaviruses and Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome, Maranhão, Brazil. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(12), 1952-1955. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100418.

Wild Chimpanzees Infected with 5 Plasmodium Species [PDF - 349 KB - 4 pages]
M. Kaiser et al.

Data are missing on the diversity of Plasmodium spp. infecting apes that live in their natural habitat, with limited possibility of human-mosquito-ape exchange. We surveyed Plasmodium spp. diversity in wild chimpanzees living in an undisturbed tropical rainforest habitat and found 5 species: P. malariae, P. vivax, P. ovale, P. reichenowi, and P. gaboni.

EID Kaiser M, Löwa A, Ulrich M, Ellerbrok H, Goffe AS, Blasse A, et al. Wild Chimpanzees Infected with 5 Plasmodium Species. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(12):1956-1959. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100424
AMA Kaiser M, Löwa A, Ulrich M, et al. Wild Chimpanzees Infected with 5 Plasmodium Species. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(12):1956-1959. doi:10.3201/eid1612.100424.
APA Kaiser, M., Löwa, A., Ulrich, M., Ellerbrok, H., Goffe, A. S., Blasse, A....Leendertz, F. H. (2010). Wild Chimpanzees Infected with 5 Plasmodium Species. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(12), 1956-1959. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100424.

Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Outbreak at Canadian Forces Cadet Camp [PDF - 174 KB - 4 pages]
R. Y. Kropp et al.

We conducted a case–control study to describe the clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of an outbreak of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 at a Canadian military cadet training center. We found that asthma and obesity confer greater risk for infection. Viral shedding was detected by PCR up to 18 days after symptom onset.

EID Kropp RY, Bogaert LE, Barber R, Tremblay F, Ennis R, Tepper M, et al. Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Outbreak at Canadian Forces Cadet Camp. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(12):1986-1989. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100451
AMA Kropp RY, Bogaert LE, Barber R, et al. Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Outbreak at Canadian Forces Cadet Camp. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(12):1986-1989. doi:10.3201/eid1612.100451.
APA Kropp, R. Y., Bogaert, L. E., Barber, R., Tremblay, F., Ennis, R., Tepper, M....Rodin, R. (2010). Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Outbreak at Canadian Forces Cadet Camp. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(12), 1986-1989. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100451.

Increasing Contact with Hepatitis E Virus in Red Deer, Spain [PDF - 170 KB - 3 pages]
M. Boadella et al.

To describe the epidemiology of hepatitis E virus (HEV) in red deer in mainland Spain, we tested red deer for HEV RNA and antibodies. Overall, 10.4% and 13.6% of serum samples were positive by ELISA and reverse transcription–PCR, respectively. The increasing prevalence suggests a potential risk for humans.

EID Boadella M, Casas M, Martín M, Vicente J, Segalés J, de la Fuente J, et al. Increasing Contact with Hepatitis E Virus in Red Deer, Spain. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(12):1994-1996. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100557
AMA Boadella M, Casas M, Martín M, et al. Increasing Contact with Hepatitis E Virus in Red Deer, Spain. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(12):1994-1996. doi:10.3201/eid1612.100557.
APA Boadella, M., Casas, M., Martín, M., Vicente, J., Segalés, J., de la Fuente, J....Gortázar, C. (2010). Increasing Contact with Hepatitis E Virus in Red Deer, Spain. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(12), 1994-1996. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100557.

Medscape CME Activity
Oseltamivir-Resistant Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Virus, South Korea [PDF - 432 KB - 5 pages]
H. Yi et al.

To identify oseltamivir resistance, we analyzed neuraminidase H275Y mutations in samples from 10 patients infected with pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus in South Korea who had influenza that was refractory to antiviral treatment with this drug. A neuraminidase I117M mutation that might influence oseltamivir susceptibility was detected in sequential specimens from 1 patient.

EID Yi H, Lee J, Hong E, Kim M, Kwon D, Choi J, et al. Oseltamivir-Resistant Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Virus, South Korea. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(12):1938-1942. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100600
AMA Yi H, Lee J, Hong E, et al. Oseltamivir-Resistant Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Virus, South Korea. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(12):1938-1942. doi:10.3201/eid1612.100600.
APA Yi, H., Lee, J., Hong, E., Kim, M., Kwon, D., Choi, J....Kang, C. (2010). Oseltamivir-Resistant Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Virus, South Korea. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(12), 1938-1942. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100600.

Proportion of Deaths and Clinical Features in Bundibugyo Ebola Virus Infection, Uganda [PDF - 341 KB - 4 pages]
A. MacNeil et al.

The first known Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF) outbreak caused by Bundibugyo Ebola virus occurred in Bundibugyo District, Uganda, in 2007. Fifty-six cases of EHF were laboratory confirmed. Although signs and symptoms were largely nonspecific and similar to those of EHF outbreaks caused by Zaire and Sudan Ebola viruses, proportion of deaths among those infected was lower (≈40%).

EID MacNeil A, Farnon EC, Wamala JF, Okware S, Cannon DL, Reed Z, et al. Proportion of Deaths and Clinical Features in Bundibugyo Ebola Virus Infection, Uganda. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(12):1969-1972. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100627
AMA MacNeil A, Farnon EC, Wamala JF, et al. Proportion of Deaths and Clinical Features in Bundibugyo Ebola Virus Infection, Uganda. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(12):1969-1972. doi:10.3201/eid1612.100627.
APA MacNeil, A., Farnon, E. C., Wamala, J. F., Okware, S., Cannon, D. L., Reed, Z....Rollin, P. E. (2010). Proportion of Deaths and Clinical Features in Bundibugyo Ebola Virus Infection, Uganda. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(12), 1969-1972. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100627.

Bartonella henselae in Skin Biopsy Specimens of Patients with Cat-Scratch Disease [PDF - 242 KB - 3 pages]
E. Angelakis et al.

During the past 2 years, we identified live Bartonella henselae in the primary inoculation sites of 3 patients after a cat scratch. Although our data are preliminary, we report that a cutaneous swab of the skin lesion from a patient in the early stage of cat-scratch disease can be useful for diagnosis of the infection.

EID Angelakis E, Edouard S, La Scola B, Raoult D. Bartonella henselae in Skin Biopsy Specimens of Patients with Cat-Scratch Disease. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(12):1963-1965. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100647
AMA Angelakis E, Edouard S, La Scola B, et al. Bartonella henselae in Skin Biopsy Specimens of Patients with Cat-Scratch Disease. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(12):1963-1965. doi:10.3201/eid1612.100647.
APA Angelakis, E., Edouard, S., La Scola, B., & Raoult, D. (2010). Bartonella henselae in Skin Biopsy Specimens of Patients with Cat-Scratch Disease. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(12), 1963-1965. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100647.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection of Domesticated Asian Elephants, Thailand [PDF - 40 KB - 3 pages]
T. Angkawanish et al.

Four Asian elephants were confirmed to be infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis by bacterial culture, other diagnostic procedures, and sequencing of 16S–23S rDNA internal transcribed spacer region, 16S rRNA, and gyrase B gene sequences. Genotyping showed that the infectious agents originated from 4 sources in Thailand. To identify infections, a combination of diagnostic assays is essential.

EID Angkawanish T, Wajjwalku W, Sirimalaisuwan A, Kaewsakhorn T, Boonsri K, Rutten VP. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection of Domesticated Asian Elephants, Thailand. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(12):1949-1951. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100862
AMA Angkawanish T, Wajjwalku W, Sirimalaisuwan A, et al. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection of Domesticated Asian Elephants, Thailand. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(12):1949-1951. doi:10.3201/eid1612.100862.
APA Angkawanish, T., Wajjwalku, W., Sirimalaisuwan, A., Kaewsakhorn, T., Boonsri, K., & Rutten, V. P. (2010). Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection of Domesticated Asian Elephants, Thailand. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(12), 1949-1951. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100862.

Ocular Thelaziosis in Dogs, France [PDF - 303 KB - 3 pages]
P. Ruytoor et al.

During 2005–2008, veterinary practitioners reported ocular infection by Thelazia spp. nematodes in 115 dogs and 2 cats in southwestern France. Most cases were detected in Dordogne, particularly in 3 counties with numerous strawberry farms, which may favor development of the fruit fly vector. Animal thelaziosis may lead to emergence of human cases.

EID Ruytoor P, Déan E, Pennant O, Dorchies P, Chermette R, Otranto D, et al. Ocular Thelaziosis in Dogs, France. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(12):1943-1945. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100872
AMA Ruytoor P, Déan E, Pennant O, et al. Ocular Thelaziosis in Dogs, France. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(12):1943-1945. doi:10.3201/eid1612.100872.
APA Ruytoor, P., Déan, E., Pennant, O., Dorchies, P., Chermette, R., Otranto, D....Guillot, J. (2010). Ocular Thelaziosis in Dogs, France. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(12), 1943-1945. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100872.

Prevalence of Henipavirus and Rubulavirus Antibodies in Pteropid Bats, Papua New Guinea [PDF - 183 KB - 3 pages]
A. C. Breed et al.

To determine seroprevalence of viruses in bats in Papua New Guinea, we sampled 66 bats at 3 locations. We found a seroprevalence of 55% for henipavirus (Hendra or Nipah virus) and 56% for rubulavirus (Tioman or Menangle virus). Notably, 36% of bats surveyed contained antibodies to both types of viruses, indicating concurrent or consecutive infection.

EID Breed AC, Yu M, Barr JA, Crameri G, Thalmann CM, Wang L. Prevalence of Henipavirus and Rubulavirus Antibodies in Pteropid Bats, Papua New Guinea. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(12):1997-1999. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100879
AMA Breed AC, Yu M, Barr JA, et al. Prevalence of Henipavirus and Rubulavirus Antibodies in Pteropid Bats, Papua New Guinea. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(12):1997-1999. doi:10.3201/eid1612.100879.
APA Breed, A. C., Yu, M., Barr, J. A., Crameri, G., Thalmann, C. M., & Wang, L. (2010). Prevalence of Henipavirus and Rubulavirus Antibodies in Pteropid Bats, Papua New Guinea. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(12), 1997-1999. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100879.

Online Flutracking Survey of Influenza-like Illness during Pandemic (H1N1) 2009, Australia [PDF - 235 KB - 3 pages]
S. J. Carlson et al.

We compared the accuracy of online data obtained from the Flutracking surveillance system during pandemic (H1N1) 2009 in Australia with data from other influenza surveillance systems. Flutracking accurately identified peak influenza activity timing and community influenza-like illness activity and was significantly less biased by treatment-seeking behavior and laboratory testing protocols than other systems.

EID Carlson SJ, Dalton CB, Durrheim DN, Fejsa J. Online Flutracking Survey of Influenza-like Illness during Pandemic (H1N1) 2009, Australia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(12):1960-1962. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100935
AMA Carlson SJ, Dalton CB, Durrheim DN, et al. Online Flutracking Survey of Influenza-like Illness during Pandemic (H1N1) 2009, Australia. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(12):1960-1962. doi:10.3201/eid1612.100935.
APA Carlson, S. J., Dalton, C. B., Durrheim, D. N., & Fejsa, J. (2010). Online Flutracking Survey of Influenza-like Illness during Pandemic (H1N1) 2009, Australia. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(12), 1960-1962. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100935.

Leishmania tropica Infection in Golden Jackals and Red Foxes, Israel [PDF - 196 KB - 3 pages]
D. Talmi-Frank et al.

During a survey of wild canids, internal transcribed spacer 1 real-time PCR and high-resolution melt analysis identified Leishmania tropica in samples from jackals and foxes. Infection was most prevalent in ear and spleen samples. Jackals and foxes may play a role in the spread of zoonotic L. tropica.

EID Talmi-Frank D, Kedem-Vaanunu N, King R, Bar-Gal GK, Edery N, Jaffe CL, et al. Leishmania tropica Infection in Golden Jackals and Red Foxes, Israel. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(12):1973-1975. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100953
AMA Talmi-Frank D, Kedem-Vaanunu N, King R, et al. Leishmania tropica Infection in Golden Jackals and Red Foxes, Israel. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(12):1973-1975. doi:10.3201/eid1612.100953.
APA Talmi-Frank, D., Kedem-Vaanunu, N., King, R., Bar-Gal, G. K., Edery, N., Jaffe, C. L....Baneth, G. (2010). Leishmania tropica Infection in Golden Jackals and Red Foxes, Israel. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(12), 1973-1975. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100953.

Multispacer Typing of Bartonella henselae Isolates from Humans and Cats, Japan [PDF - 135 KB - 3 pages]
M. Yanagihara et al.

To determine genotypic distribution of and relationship between human and cat strains of Bartonella henselae, we characterized 56 specimens using multispacer typing (MST). Of 13 MST genotypes identified, 12 were grouped into cluster 1. In Japan, human infections can be caused by B. henselae strains in cluster 1.

EID Yanagihara M, Tsuneoka H, Sugasaki M, Nojima J, Ichihara K. Multispacer Typing of Bartonella henselae Isolates from Humans and Cats, Japan. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(12):1983-1985. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100962
AMA Yanagihara M, Tsuneoka H, Sugasaki M, et al. Multispacer Typing of Bartonella henselae Isolates from Humans and Cats, Japan. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(12):1983-1985. doi:10.3201/eid1612.100962.
APA Yanagihara, M., Tsuneoka, H., Sugasaki, M., Nojima, J., & Ichihara, K. (2010). Multispacer Typing of Bartonella henselae Isolates from Humans and Cats, Japan. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(12), 1983-1985. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100962.

Brucella ceti Infection in Harbor Porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) [PDF - 190 KB - 3 pages]
T. P. Jauniaux et al.

We describe Brucella sp. infection and associated lesions in a harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) found on the coast of Belgium. The infection was diagnosed by immunohistochemistry, transmission electron microscopy, and bacteriology, and the organism was identified as B. ceti. The infection’s location in the porpoise raises questions of abortion and zoonotic risks.

EID Jauniaux TP, Brenez C, Fretin D, Godfroid J, Haelters J, Jacques T, et al. Brucella ceti Infection in Harbor Porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(12):1966-1968. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.101008
AMA Jauniaux TP, Brenez C, Fretin D, et al. Brucella ceti Infection in Harbor Porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(12):1966-1968. doi:10.3201/eid1612.101008.
APA Jauniaux, T. P., Brenez, C., Fretin, D., Godfroid, J., Haelters, J., Jacques, T....Coignoul, F. L. (2010). Brucella ceti Infection in Harbor Porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(12), 1966-1968. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.101008.

Alkhurma Hemorrhagic Fever in Travelers Returning from Egypt, 2010 [PDF - 385 KB - 4 pages]
F. Carletti et al.

Two travelers returning to Italy from southern Egypt were hospitalized with a fever of unknown origin. Test results showed infection with Alkhurma virus. The geographic distribution of this virus could be broader than previously thought.

EID Carletti F, Castilletti C, Di Caro A, Capobianchi MR, Nisii C, Suter F, et al. Alkhurma Hemorrhagic Fever in Travelers Returning from Egypt, 2010. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(12):1979-1982. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.101092
AMA Carletti F, Castilletti C, Di Caro A, et al. Alkhurma Hemorrhagic Fever in Travelers Returning from Egypt, 2010. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(12):1979-1982. doi:10.3201/eid1612.101092.
APA Carletti, F., Castilletti, C., Di Caro, A., Capobianchi, M. R., Nisii, C., Suter, F....Ippolito, G. (2010). Alkhurma Hemorrhagic Fever in Travelers Returning from Egypt, 2010. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(12), 1979-1982. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.101092.
Letters

Human Brucellosis, Inner Mongolia, China [PDF - 195 KB - 3 pages]
W. Zhang et al.
EID Zhang W, Guo W, Sun S, Jiang J, Sun H, Li S, et al. Human Brucellosis, Inner Mongolia, China. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(12):2001-2003. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.091081
AMA Zhang W, Guo W, Sun S, et al. Human Brucellosis, Inner Mongolia, China. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(12):2001-2003. doi:10.3201/eid1612.091081.
APA Zhang, W., Guo, W., Sun, S., Jiang, J., Sun, H., Li, S....Cao, W. (2010). Human Brucellosis, Inner Mongolia, China. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(12), 2001-2003. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.091081.

Multiple Serotypes of Bluetongue Virus in Sheep and Cattle, Israel [PDF - 143 KB - 2 pages]
J. Brenner et al.
EID Brenner J, Oura C, Asis I, Maan S, Elad D, Maan N, et al. Multiple Serotypes of Bluetongue Virus in Sheep and Cattle, Israel. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(12):2003-2004. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100239
AMA Brenner J, Oura C, Asis I, et al. Multiple Serotypes of Bluetongue Virus in Sheep and Cattle, Israel. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(12):2003-2004. doi:10.3201/eid1612.100239.
APA Brenner, J., Oura, C., Asis, I., Maan, S., Elad, D., Maan, N....Batten, C. (2010). Multiple Serotypes of Bluetongue Virus in Sheep and Cattle, Israel. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(12), 2003-2004. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100239.

Imported Leishmaniasis in Dogs, US Military Bases, Japan [PDF - 191 KB - 3 pages]
Y. Kawamura et al.
EID Kawamura Y, Yoshikawa I, Katakura K. Imported Leishmaniasis in Dogs, US Military Bases, Japan. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(12):2017-2019. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100389
AMA Kawamura Y, Yoshikawa I, Katakura K. Imported Leishmaniasis in Dogs, US Military Bases, Japan. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(12):2017-2019. doi:10.3201/eid1612.100389.
APA Kawamura, Y., Yoshikawa, I., & Katakura, K. (2010). Imported Leishmaniasis in Dogs, US Military Bases, Japan. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(12), 2017-2019. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100389.

Serologic Evidence of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Infection in Dogs, Italy [PDF - 209 KB - 3 pages]
W. G. Dundon et al.
EID Dundon WG, De Benedictis P, Viale E, Capua I. Serologic Evidence of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Infection in Dogs, Italy. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(12):2019-2021. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100514
AMA Dundon WG, De Benedictis P, Viale E, et al. Serologic Evidence of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Infection in Dogs, Italy. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(12):2019-2021. doi:10.3201/eid1612.100514.
APA Dundon, W. G., De Benedictis, P., Viale, E., & Capua, I. (2010). Serologic Evidence of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Infection in Dogs, Italy. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(12), 2019-2021. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100514.

Canine Distemper Epizootic among Red Foxes, Italy, 2009 [PDF - 162 KB - 3 pages]
V. Martella et al.
EID Martella V, Bianchi A, Bertoletti I, Pedrotti L, Gugiatti A, Catella A, et al. Canine Distemper Epizootic among Red Foxes, Italy, 2009. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(12):2007-2009. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100579
AMA Martella V, Bianchi A, Bertoletti I, et al. Canine Distemper Epizootic among Red Foxes, Italy, 2009. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(12):2007-2009. doi:10.3201/eid1612.100579.
APA Martella, V., Bianchi, A., Bertoletti, I., Pedrotti, L., Gugiatti, A., Catella, A....Buonavoglia, C. (2010). Canine Distemper Epizootic among Red Foxes, Italy, 2009. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(12), 2007-2009. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100579.

Brucellosis Reactivation after 28 Years [PDF - 205 KB - 2 pages]
Ö. Ögredici et al.
EID Ögredici Ö, Erb S, Langer I, Pilo P, Kerner A, Haack HG, et al. Brucellosis Reactivation after 28 Years. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(12):2021-2022. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100678
AMA Ögredici Ö, Erb S, Langer I, et al. Brucellosis Reactivation after 28 Years. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(12):2021-2022. doi:10.3201/eid1612.100678.
APA Ögredici, Ö., Erb, S., Langer, I., Pilo, P., Kerner, A., Haack, H. G....Tarr, P. E. (2010). Brucellosis Reactivation after 28 Years. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(12), 2021-2022. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100678.

Molecular Detection of Bartonella alsatica in Rabbit Fleas, France [PDF - 155 KB - 2 pages]
T. Kernif et al.
EID Kernif T, Parola P, Ricci J, Raoult D, Rolain J. Molecular Detection of Bartonella alsatica in Rabbit Fleas, France. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(12):2013-2014. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100696
AMA Kernif T, Parola P, Ricci J, et al. Molecular Detection of Bartonella alsatica in Rabbit Fleas, France. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(12):2013-2014. doi:10.3201/eid1612.100696.
APA Kernif, T., Parola, P., Ricci, J., Raoult, D., & Rolain, J. (2010). Molecular Detection of Bartonella alsatica in Rabbit Fleas, France. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(12), 2013-2014. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100696.

Wildlife-associated Cryptosporidium fayeri in Human, Australia [PDF - 128 KB - 2 pages]
L. S. Waldron et al.
EID Waldron LS, Cheung-Kwok-Sang C, Power ML. Wildlife-associated Cryptosporidium fayeri in Human, Australia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(12):2006-2007. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100715
AMA Waldron LS, Cheung-Kwok-Sang C, Power ML. Wildlife-associated Cryptosporidium fayeri in Human, Australia. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(12):2006-2007. doi:10.3201/eid1612.100715.
APA Waldron, L. S., Cheung-Kwok-Sang, C., & Power, M. L. (2010). Wildlife-associated Cryptosporidium fayeri in Human, Australia. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(12), 2006-2007. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100715.

Rabies Virus RNA in Naturally Infected Vampire Bats, Northeastern Brazil [PDF - 149 KB - 3 pages]
A. J. Carneiro et al.
EID Carneiro AJ, Franke CR, Stöcker A, dos Santos F, Úngar de Sá JE, Moraes-Silva E, et al. Rabies Virus RNA in Naturally Infected Vampire Bats, Northeastern Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(12):2004-2006. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100726
AMA Carneiro AJ, Franke CR, Stöcker A, et al. Rabies Virus RNA in Naturally Infected Vampire Bats, Northeastern Brazil. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(12):2004-2006. doi:10.3201/eid1612.100726.
APA Carneiro, A. J., Franke, C. R., Stöcker, A., dos Santos, F., Úngar de Sá, J. E., Moraes-Silva, E....Drexler, J. F. (2010). Rabies Virus RNA in Naturally Infected Vampire Bats, Northeastern Brazil. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(12), 2004-2006. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100726.

Ribavirin for Lassa Fever Postexposure Prophylaxis [PDF - 165 KB - 3 pages]
C. M. Hadi et al.
EID Hadi CM, Goba A, Khan SH, Bangura J, Sankoh M, Koroma S, et al. Ribavirin for Lassa Fever Postexposure Prophylaxis. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(12):2009-2011. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100994
AMA Hadi CM, Goba A, Khan SH, et al. Ribavirin for Lassa Fever Postexposure Prophylaxis. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(12):2009-2011. doi:10.3201/eid1612.100994.
APA Hadi, C. M., Goba, A., Khan, S. H., Bangura, J., Sankoh, M., Koroma, S....Bausch, D. G. (2010). Ribavirin for Lassa Fever Postexposure Prophylaxis. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(12), 2009-2011. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100994.

Rabbit Tularemia and Hepatic Coccidiosis in Wild Rabbit [PDF - 272 KB - 2 pages]
D. Kim et al.
EID Kim D, Reilly TJ, Schommer SK, Spagnoli ST. Rabbit Tularemia and Hepatic Coccidiosis in Wild Rabbit. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(12):2016-2017. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.101013
AMA Kim D, Reilly TJ, Schommer SK, et al. Rabbit Tularemia and Hepatic Coccidiosis in Wild Rabbit. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(12):2016-2017. doi:10.3201/eid1612.101013.
APA Kim, D., Reilly, T. J., Schommer, S. K., & Spagnoli, S. T. (2010). Rabbit Tularemia and Hepatic Coccidiosis in Wild Rabbit. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(12), 2016-2017. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.101013.

Fatal 1918 Pneumonia Case Complicated by Erythrocyte Sickling [PDF - 140 KB - 2 pages]
Z. Sheng et al.
EID Sheng Z, Chertow DS, Morens DM, Taubenberger JK. Fatal 1918 Pneumonia Case Complicated by Erythrocyte Sickling. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(12):2000-2001. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.101376
AMA Sheng Z, Chertow DS, Morens DM, et al. Fatal 1918 Pneumonia Case Complicated by Erythrocyte Sickling. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(12):2000-2001. doi:10.3201/eid1612.101376.
APA Sheng, Z., Chertow, D. S., Morens, D. M., & Taubenberger, J. K. (2010). Fatal 1918 Pneumonia Case Complicated by Erythrocyte Sickling. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(12), 2000-2001. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.101376.

Transmission of Ovine Herpesvirus 2 from Asymptomatic Boars to Sows [PDF - 236 KB - 2 pages]
É. A. Costa et al.
EID Costa ÉA, Viott Ad, Machado Gd, Bomfim MR, Coelho FM, Lobato ZI, et al. Transmission of Ovine Herpesvirus 2 from Asymptomatic Boars to Sows. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(12):2011-2012. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.101453
AMA Costa ÉA, Viott Ad, Machado Gd, et al. Transmission of Ovine Herpesvirus 2 from Asymptomatic Boars to Sows. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(12):2011-2012. doi:10.3201/eid1612.101453.
APA Costa, É. A., Viott, A. d., Machado, G. d., Bomfim, M. R., Coelho, F. M., Lobato, Z. I....Guedes, R. M. (2010). Transmission of Ovine Herpesvirus 2 from Asymptomatic Boars to Sows. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(12), 2011-2012. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.101453.

In Memoriam: Jocelyn Anne Rankin (1946–2010) [PDF - 132 KB - 1 page]
T. Popovic
EID Popovic T. In Memoriam: Jocelyn Anne Rankin (1946–2010). Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(12):2023. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.im1612
AMA Popovic T. In Memoriam: Jocelyn Anne Rankin (1946–2010). Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(12):2023. doi:10.3201/eid1612.im1612.
APA Popovic, T. (2010). In Memoriam: Jocelyn Anne Rankin (1946–2010). Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(12), 2023. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.im1612.
Books and Media

Rinderpest and Peste des Petits Ruminants: Virus Plagues of Large and Small Ruminants [PDF - 116 KB - 1 page]
M. Munir
EID Munir M. Rinderpest and Peste des Petits Ruminants: Virus Plagues of Large and Small Ruminants. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(12):2024. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100923
AMA Munir M. Rinderpest and Peste des Petits Ruminants: Virus Plagues of Large and Small Ruminants. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(12):2024. doi:10.3201/eid1612.100923.
APA Munir, M. (2010). Rinderpest and Peste des Petits Ruminants: Virus Plagues of Large and Small Ruminants. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(12), 2024. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100923.
About the Cover

Abundant Harvest and Fishing for Trouble [PDF - 154 KB - 1 page]
P. Potter
EID Potter P. Abundant Harvest and Fishing for Trouble. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(12):2025. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.ac1612
AMA Potter P. Abundant Harvest and Fishing for Trouble. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(12):2025. doi:10.3201/eid1612.ac1612.
APA Potter, P. (2010). Abundant Harvest and Fishing for Trouble. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(12), 2025. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.ac1612.
Etymologia

Etymologia: Cyprinid Herpesvirus [PDF - 82 KB - 1 page]
C. Snarey
EID Snarey C. Etymologia: Cyprinid Herpesvirus. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(12):1843. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.et1612
AMA Snarey C. Etymologia: Cyprinid Herpesvirus. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(12):1843. doi:10.3201/eid1612.et1612.
APA Snarey, C. (2010). Etymologia: Cyprinid Herpesvirus. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(12), 1843. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.et1612.
Corrections

Errata
EID Errata. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(12):2024. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.c11612
AMA Errata. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(12):2024. doi:10.3201/eid1612.c11612.
APA (2010). Errata. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(12), 2024. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.c11612.

Errata [PDF - 116 KB - 1 page]
EID Errata. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(12):2024. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.c21612
AMA Errata. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(12):2024. doi:10.3201/eid1612.c21612.
APA (2010). Errata. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(12), 2024. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.c21612.
Page created: September 09, 2011
Page updated: October 04, 2011
Page reviewed: October 04, 2011
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
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